The structure of learning : from sign stimuli to sign language / R. Allen Gardner, Beatrix T. Gardner.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Gardner, R. Allen, 1930-

Contributor:

Gardner, Beatrix T., 1933-1995.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Learning, Psychology of.

Psychology, Comparative.

Conditioned response.

Learning strategies.

Psychology, Experimental.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (391 p.)

Edition:

1st edition

Place of Publication:

Mahwah, N.J. : L. Erlbaum Associates, 1998.

Language Note:

English

System Details:

text file

Summary:

Integrating basic principles of ethology and the psychology of learning, this book offers students an engaging and conceptually coherent intro. to what we know about how living organisms profit from experience and adapt to their environments.

Contents:

Cover; THE STRUCTURE OF LEARNING: From Sign Stimuli to Sign Language; Copyright; Contents; Preface; CHAPTER 1 Introduction; DISCOVERY VERSUS UNDERSTANDING; BELIEF VERSUS EVIDENCE; OPERATIONAL DEFINITION; Facial Vision; Dependent Variable; Independent Variable; Experimental Control; Introspection; Intervening Variable; Experiment Versus Correlation; Adaptive Versus Maladaptive; ETHOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS; Color Vision; Arbitrary and Obligatory; Obligatory Patterns; Observation and Experiment; Experimental Psychology; Ethology of the Skinner Box; PLAN OF THIS BOOK; CHAPTER 2 Classical Conditioning

TYPICAL PROCEDURESSalivation; Leg Withdrawal; Eyeblink; Knee Jerk; BASIC TERMS; Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS); Conditioned Stimulus (CS); Orienting Response (OR); Unconditioned Response (UCR); Conditioned Response (CR); Response Measures; Acquisition; Extinction; Resistance to Extinction; Spontaneous Recovery; Habituation; Sensitization; RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONDITIONED AND UNCONDITIONED RESPONSES; Conditioned Response as a Fractional Response; Conditioned Response as a Preparatory Response; GENERALITY; Experimental Subjects; Unconditioned Responses; Conditioned Stimuli; Arbitrary Stimuli

Ethology of Stimulus/Response CompatibilityTIME AND SEQUENCE; Interstimulus Interval (lSI); Length of the Interstimulus Interval; CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE; SOCIAL CONDITIONING; Imprinting; Conditioned Mobbing; Chemical Alarms; Emotional Words; SUMMARY; CHAPTER 3 Instrumental Conditioning; TYPICAL PROCEDURES; Reward; Escape; Avoidance; Punishment; BASIC TERMS; Unconditioned Stimulus; Response Measures; Response Variability; Acquisition; Extinction; Resistance to Extinction; Spontaneous Recovery; GENERALITY; MAZE LEARNING; SKINNER BOX; Schedules; Fixed Interval; Variable Interval

Fixed RatioVariable Ratio; Maintenance Versus Conditioning; Time Schedules; DISCRIMINATION; Successive Procedure; Simultaneous Procedure; Multiple Stimuli and Responses; REINFORCEMENT AND INHIBITION VERSUS DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE; SUMMARY; CHAPTER 4 Mechanisms of Conditioning; THEORY AND EXPERIMENT; STIMULI AND RESPONSES; FOUR BASIC MECHANISMS; Common Sense; Parsimony; IMPLICATIONS; S-S CONTIGUITY; Fractional Anticipatory Response; Length of the Interstimulus Interval; Direction of the Interstimulus Interval; S-S* CONTINGENCY; S-R-S* CONTINGENCY; ROLE OF S*; Higher-Order Conditioning

PreconditioningA Hybrid Paradigm; A Misnomer; S-R CONTIGUITY; Sign Stimuli; Action Patterns; TEMPORAL PATTERNS; Feedback Systems; Feed Forward Systems; Anticipatory Responses; Backward Conditioning; RHYTHMIC PATTERNS; Delay Conditioning; S-R SEQUENCES; Contrast With Stimulus Substitution; SUMMARY; CHAPTER 5 Reinforcement Versus Expectancy; RESPONSE CONTINGENT REINFORCEMENT; S-R-S* Contingency; Goal Gradient; Learning the Shorter Path to a Goal; Order of Elimination of Blinds; Speed-of-Locomotion Gradient; COGNITIVE EXPECTANCY; Unrewarded Trials; Free Exploration; Irrelevant Drive; SUMMARY

CHAPTER 6 Sequence and Anticipation

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 344-361) and indexes.

ISBN:

1-138-00277-1

1-134-80521-7

0-203-77456-6

1-134-80514-4

9780203774564

OCLC:

852757808