Corrosion and materials in hydrocarbon production : a compendium of operational and engineering aspects / Bijan Karmani and Don Harrop.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Kermani, Bijan, author.

Harrop, Don, author.

Series:

THEi Wiley ebooks.

THEi Wiley ebooks

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Corrosion and anti-corrosives.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (339 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, [2019]

System Details:

Access using campus network via VPN at home (THEi Users Only).

Summary:

Comprehensively covers the engineering aspects of corrosion and materials in hydrocarbon production This book captures the current understanding of corrosion processes in upstream operations and provides a brief overview of parameters and measures needed for optimum design of facilities. It focuses on internal corrosion occurring in hydrocarbon production environments and the key issues affecting its occurrence, including: the types and morphology of corrosion damage; principal metallic materials deployed; and mitigating measures to optimise its occurrence. The book also highlights important areas of progress and challenges, and looks toward the future of research and development to enable improved and economical design of facilities for oil and a gas production. Written for both those familiar and unfamiliar with the subject-and by two authors with more than 60 years combined industry experience-this book covers everything from Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRAs) to internal metal loss corrosion threats, corrosion in injection systems to microbiologically influenced corrosion, corrosion risk analysis to corrosion and integrity management, and more, notably: * Comprehensively covers the engineering aspects of corrosion and materials in hydrocarbon production * Written by two, renowned experts in the field * Offers practical guide to those unfamiliar with the subject whilst providing a focused roadmap to addressing the topics in a precise and methodical manner * Covers all aspects of corrosion threat and remedial and mitigation measures in upstream hydrocarbon production applicable to sub-surface, surface, and transportation facilities * Outlines technology challenges that need further research as a pre-cursor to moving the industry forward. Operational and Engineering Aspects of Corrosion and Materials in Hydrocarbon Production is an excellent guide for both practicing materials and corrosion engineers working in hydrocarbons production as well as those entering the area who may not be fully familiar with the subject.

Contents:

Intro

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgement

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Scope and Objectives

1.1.1 Contents of the Book

1.2 The Impact of Corrosion

1.2.1 The Overall Financial Impact

1.3 Principal Types of Corrosion in Hydrocarbon Production

1.3.1 Corrosion Threats

1.4 The Way Ahead: Positive Corrosion

1.5 Summary

Note

References

Bibliography

Chapter 2 Carbon and Low Alloy Steels (CLASs)

2.1 Steel Products

2.1.1 Structural Services

2.1.2 Pressure Containment

2.2 Development of Mechanical Properties

2.2.1 Heat Treatment

2.2.1.1 Normalising

2.2.1.2 Quenched and Tempering

2.2.1.3 Mechanical Working

2.2.2 Industrial Processes

2.3 Strengthening Mechanisms

2.3.1 Solid Solution Strengthening

2.3.2 Grain Refinement

2.3.3 Mechanical Working

2.3.4 Dispersion Strengthening

2.4 Hardenability

2.5 Weldability

2.6 Line Pipe Steels

2.7 Well Completion Downhole Tubulars

2.8 Internally Clad Materials

2.9 Summary

Notes

Reference

API/ISO Specifications

ASME Standard

Further Reading

Chapter 3 Corrosion-Resistant Alloys (CRAs)

3.1 Background

3.2 Alloying Elements, Microstructures, and their Significance for Corrosion Performance

3.2.1 Alloying Elements

3.2.2 Improving Corrosion Resistance

3.2.3 Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN)

3.2.4 The Schaeffler Diagram and its Application

3.2.4.1 Nickel and Chromium Equivalents

3.3 Common Types/Grades of CRA Used in the Hydrocarbon Production Systems

3.3.1 Nominal Compositions

3.3.2 Mechanical Properties and Strengthening Methods

3.3.3 Yield Strength

3.4 Important Metallurgical Aspects of CRAs

3.4.1 Martensitic and Super Martensitic Stainless Steels (MSSs and SMSSs).

3.4.2 Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels (DSSs and SDSSs)

3.4.3 Austenitic Stainless Steels (SSs)

3.4.4 Austenitic Fe- and Ni-Based Alloys

3.4.5 Titanium Alloys

3.5 Limits of Application

3.6 Selection Criteria

3.6.1 Selection Criteria Check List

3.6.2 Application of CRAs

3.6.3 Notable Points to Consider for Well Completion

3.7 Future Demands and Requirements

3.8 Summary

Specifications

Chapter 4 Water Chemistry

4.1 Sources of Water

4.2 Water Chemistry

4.3 Other Impacts on Corrosivity

4.3.1 Mineral Scale

4.3.2 Bacterial Analyses

4.3.3 Iron Sulphide

4.3.4 Other Chemicals

4.4 Water Sampling Locations and Analysis Techniques

4.4.1 Sampling

4.4.2 Interpretation of Results

4.4.3 Monitoring Corrosion Management Strategies

4.5 Influential Parameters in System Corrosivity

4.6 Summary

Standards

Chapter 5 Internal Metal Loss Corrosion Threats

5.1 CO2 Metal Loss Corrosion

5.1.1 The Mechanism

5.1.2 Types of Damage

5.1.2.1 Pitting

5.1.2.2 Mesa-Type Attack

5.1.2.3 Flow-Induced Localised Corrosion

5.2 Key Influential Factors

5.2.1 Notable Parameters

5.2.1.1 The In-Situ pH

5.2.1.2 The Effect of Organic Acid

5.3 Metal Loss CO2 Corrosion Prediction

5.3.1 Industry Practice

5.4 Metal Loss Corrosion in Mixed H2S/CO2 Containing Streams

5.4.1 Assessment Methods

5.5 Summary

Chapter 6 Environmental Cracking (EC)

6.1 Environmental Cracking Threat in Steels

6.2 EC Associated with Hydrogen Sulphide

6.2.1 Corrosion Implications and Mechanism

6.2.2 Types of H2S Corrosion Threat

6.2.3 Categories, Types, Manifestation, and Mitigation Measures of H2S EC Threats

6.2.3.1 Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC).

6.2.3.2 Hydrogen Internal Pressure Effects

6.2.3.3 Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (Cl-SCC)

6.2.3.4 Cracking in Related Environments

6.2.3.5 Operating Temperatures

6.3 Current Industry Practices

6.4 ISO 15156

6.4.1 Part 1

6.4.2 Part 2

6.4.2.1 Severity of Operating Conditions for CLASs

6.4.2.2 Key Governing Criteria

6.4.3 Part 3

6.5 Summary

Chapter 7 Corrosion in Injection Systems

7.1 The Intent

7.2 Injection Systems

7.2.1 Treated Water

7.3 Water Treatment Methods

7.3.1 Mechanical Treatment

7.3.2 Chemical Treatments

7.3.2.1 Oxygen Removal

7.3.2.2 Injectivity Problems and Drag Reduction

7.3.2.3 Coagulants and Filter Aids

7.3.2.4 Bacterial Growth and Proliferation

7.3.2.5 Antifoam

7.4 Water Corrosivity

7.4.1 Water Quality

7.5 Means of Corrosion Prediction

7.5.1 Oldfield and Todd

7.5.2 Berger and Hau

7.5.3 The Appropriate Model

7.6 Materials Options

7.6.1 Tubing

7.6.1.1 CLAS

7.6.1.2 Low Cr-Containing Steels

7.6.1.3 Plastic-Coated Tubulars

7.6.1.4 Glass Reinforced Epoxy-Lined CLAS Tubing

7.6.1.5 CRAs

7.6.2 Pipelines and Piping

7.6.2.1 Bare CLAS

7.6.2.2 Internally Lined CLAS

7.6.2.3 CRAs

7.7 Supplementary Notes

7.8 Hydrotesting

7.9 Summary

Chapter 8 Corrosion Mitigation by the Use of Inhibitor Chemicals

8.1 Inhibitor Characteristics

8.1.1 Key Benefits

8.1.2 Inhibitor Formulation

8.1.3 Inhibitor Species and Functionality

8.1.3.1 Functionality

8.1.4 Inhibitor Performance

8.1.4.1 The Effect of Fluid Flow

8.1.5 Environmental Acceptance

8.2 Inhibitor Testing and Application

8.2.1 Operating Conditions

8.2.2 Inhibitor Testing/Selection

8.2.2.1 The Media

8.2.2.2 Appropriate Tests

8.3 Inhibitor Application/Deployment.

8.3.1 Continuous Injection

8.3.1.1 Inhibitor Availability

8.3.2 Field Evaluation

8.3.3 Wet Gas Lines

8.3.4 Downhole Inhibition

8.3.4.1 Batch Treatment

8.4 Summary

Chapter 9 Coating Systems

9.1 External Pipeline Coatings

9.1.1 Fusion-Bonded Epoxy (FBE) Coating

9.1.2 Polyolefin Coatings

9.1.3 Field Joint Coatings

9.2 Internal Coating and Lining

9.2.1 Plastic-Coated Tubular (PCT)

9.2.2 Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) Lined CLAS Tubing

9.2.3 Internal Coating of Tanks and Vessels

9.3 External Painting of Structures

9.3.1 Offshore Structures

9.4 Summary

Chapter 10 Corrosion Trending

10.1 The Purpose of Corrosion Trending

10.2 Corrosion Monitoring

10.2.1 Corrosion Rate Monitoring

10.2.2 Weight Loss Coupons

10.2.3 Electrical Resistance (ER) Probes

10.2.4 Electrochemical Methods

10.2.5 Locating Internal Corrosion Monitoring Devices

10.2.6 Erosion Rate Monitoring

10.2.7 Access Fittings

10.2.8 Cost Considerations

10.2.9 Safety Considerations

10.3 Corrosion Barrier Monitoring

10.4 Collection and Analysis of Real-Time Monitoring Data

10.5 Downhole Corrosion Monitoring

10.6 Inspection Techniques

10.6.1 Equipment Portability

10.6.2 Visualising Inspection Data

10.7 Intelligent Pigging

10.8 Future Considerations

10.9 Summary

Chapter 11 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC)

11.1 Main Features

11.2 The Primary Causes

11.2.1 Summary of Key Parameters

11.3 The Motive for Promotion of Corrosion by Micro-organisms

11.3.1 The Corrosion Process

11.3.2 Microbial Activity Inside the Biofilms

11.3.3 Bridging Surface to Biofilm

11.3.4 Summary Mechanism

11.4 Most Susceptible Locations and Conditions.

11.4.1 Most MIC-Prone Environments and Facilities

11.4.2 Least MIC-Prone Environments and Facilities

11.4.3 Uncertain Limits and Conditions of Occurrence

11.4.4 Brief Overview

11.4.5 The Anticipated Damage Rate

11.5 Potential Prevention Measures

11.5.1 Biocide Treatments

11.5.2 Periodic Pigging

11.5.3 Inhibitor Treatments

11.5.4 Cleanliness

11.5.5 Cathodic Protection and Coatings

11.6 Means of Monitoring

11.7 Summary

Chapter 12 Dense Phase CO2 Corrosion

12.1 Background

12.2 CO2 Stream Composition

12.3 Corrosion in the Presence of Aqueous Phases

12.3.1 Pure CO2 and Water

12.3.2 Impurities and Formation of Corrosive Phases

12.4 Means of Corrosion Prediction

12.5 Method of Corrosion Mitigation

12.5.1 Normal Operation

12.5.2 Transport of Wet CO2

12.5.3 Accidental Ingress of Water

12.5.4 Depressurisation

12.5.5 Downhole Corrosion

12.6 Summary

Chapter 13 Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)

13.1 Historical Context

13.1.1 Key Features

13.2 Key Parameters Affecting CUI

13.2.1 Water

13.2.2 Contaminants

13.2.3 Primary CUI Temperature Ranges

13.2.4 The Effect of Temperature on CUI

13.2.5 The Effect of Humidity and the Dew Point: Sweating Corrosion

13.2.6 The Effect of Insulation Type on CUI

13.2.7 The Insulation System

13.3 CUI Prevention Methods

13.3.1 Protective Coatings

13.3.2 Organic Coatings for Carbon Steel Components

13.3.3 Thermally Spray Aluminium (TSA)

13.4 CUI Mitigation Strategy

13.4.1 Stainless Steel for Small Diameter Piping

13.4.2 Aluminium Foil Wrapping

13.4.3 Remove Unnecessary Insulation: Personnel Protection Cages

13.5 CUI Inspection

13.6 NDE/NDT Techniques to Detect CUI

13.7 Summary

Chapter 14 Metallic Materials Optimisation Routes.

14.1 Background.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781119515739

1119515734

9781523127979

152312797X

9781119515753

1119515750

9781119515715

1119515718

OCLC:

1089609494