Pipeline leak detection handbook / Morgan Henrie, Philip Carpenter, R. Edward Nicholas.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Henrie, Morgan, author.

Carpenter, Philip, author.

Nicholas, R. Edward, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Pipelines--Maintenance and repair.

Pipelines.

Pipeline failures.

Leak detectors.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (342 pages) : illustrations (some color), tables, graphs

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, [Netherlands] : Gulf Professional Publishing, 2016.

Summary:

Pipeline Leak Detection Handbook is a concise, detailed, and inclusive leak detection best practices text and reference book. It begins with the basics of leak detection technologies that include leak detection systems, and information on pipeline leaks, their causes, and subsequent consequences.The book moves on to further explore system infrastructures, performance, human factors, installation, and integrity management, and is a must-have resource to help oil and gas professionals gain a comprehensive understanding of the identification, selection, design, testing, and implantation of a leak detection system.- Informs oil and gas pipeline professionals on the basics of leak detection technologies, the required field instrumentation, telecommunication infrastructures, human factors, and risk mitigation considerations- Leads the reader through the complex process of understanding the pipeline's unique environment and how to develop a leak detection program

Contents:

Front Cover

Pipeline Leak Detection Handbook

Copyright Page

Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Why Are Pipelines Important?

1.3 Pipeline Basics

1.4 Pipeline Design Essentials

1.4.1 Physical Components

1.4.2 Data Acquisition and Control

1.5 Pipeline Leaks, Ruptures, Spills, and Theft

1.5.1 Breach of Integrity Incident Rates

1.5.2 Commodity Theft

1.6 Leak Detection Approaches

1.7 The Book Structure

1.8 Terminology

1.9 Nomenclature

References

2 Pipeline Leak Detection Basics

2.1 The Challenges of Detecting Pipeline Leaks

2.2 The Toll Road and the Free-Rider Problem

2.2.1 Directly Detecting Free Riders

2.2.2 Detecting Free Riders by Counting Cars

2.3 Leak Location and Other Issues

2.4 Leak Detection and Theft

2.5 Functional Requirements

2.6 The Fundamental Principles Summarized

2.7 Architectural Foundations

2.8 A Taxonomy of Pipeline Leak Detection Systems

3 Mass Balance Leak Detection

3.1 Leaks and Conservation of Mass

3.2 Pipeline Mass Balance Section

3.3 Leak Detection by Mass Balance: Foundational Principles

3.4 Volume Balance at Standard Conditions as a Proxy for Mass Balance

3.4.1 Conservation of Standard Volume Is Not a Physical Principle

3.4.2 Formulation of Mass Balance Leak Detection in Terms of Volume at STP

3.5 Impact of Uncertainties in Mass/Volume Balances on Leak Detection

3.5.1 Determining the Flow Balance

3.5.2 Determining the Packing Rate

3.6 API 1130 Applicable Classification of Mass Balance Systems

3.6.1 Line Balance CPM

3.6.2 Volume Balance CPM

3.6.3 Modified Volume Balance CPM

3.6.4 Compensated Mass Balance

3.6.5 Real-Time Model Based Systems

3.7 Our Classification of Mass Balance-Based Leak Detection Systems

4 Real-Time Transient Model-Based Leak Detection.

4.1 The Real-Time Transient Model

4.1.1 Fundamental Equations and Physics

Continuity Equation (Conservation of Mass)

Momentum Equation (Newton's Second Law of Motion)

Energy Equation (Conservation of Energy)

Energy Equation and Ground Thermal Modeling: Discussion

Pipe Wall Expansion Equation

Equation of State

Viscosity Equation

Darcy-Weisbach Friction Factor

Batch or Composition Tracking

Check Valve and Block Valve Equations

Other Equations

4.2 Numerical Methods

4.2.1 Explicit Numerical Solution

4.2.2 Method of Characteristics Solution

4.2.3 Implicit Numerical Solution

4.2.4 A Comparison of Numerical Methods

4.3 Measurements and Boundary Conditions

4.3.1 Measurement Placement, Availability, and Reliability

4.3.2 Selection of Boundary Conditions

4.3.3 Boundary Condition Strategies

4.4 State Estimation and Related Subjects

4.5 Leak Detection Signals

4.6 Using the Leak Signals to Detect Leaks

4.7 Estimating Leak Location

4.8 Impact of Fluid Type: Liquids, Gases, and Multiphase Flows

4.8.1 Liquid Pipeline Leak Detection

4.8.2 Gas Pipeline Leak Detection

4.8.3 Liquid Pipelines With Slack Line Flow

4.8.4 Multiphase Flow-Based RTTMs

4.8.5 Dense Phase Fluids

4.9 RTTM Uncertainty Recap

5 Statistical Processing and Leak Detection

5.1 Introduction to Leak Signal Processing

5.2 Signal Processing Basics

5.2.1 Outlier Rejection

5.2.2 Data Averaging/Accumulation

5.2.3 Use of Multiple Averaging Periods

5.2.4 Long-Term Average Analysis

5.3 Statistical Processing and Significance Testing

5.3.1 Random Noise, Time Correlation, Probability Distributions, and Significance Testing

5.3.2 Fixed Sample Size Significance Tests

5.3.3 Colored Noise, Whitening Filters, and Decorrelation

5.3.4 Sequential Probability Ratio Testing.

5.3.5 Change Point Detection

5.3.6 Multiple Aggregators

5.3.7 False Alarms

5.3.8 Real-World Adjustments

5.3.9 Advanced Signal Detection Approaches

6 Rarefaction Wave and Deviation Alarm Systems

6.1 Rarefaction Wave Physical Basis and Equations

6.2 Pressure Signal and Event Processing

6.3 Leak Detection and Location Using Rarefaction Waves

6.4 Rarefaction Wave Leak Detection Issues, Improvements, and Assessment

6.5 Deviation Alarm Systems

7 External and Intermittent Leak Detection System Types

7.1 Spill Migration

7.2 Direct Observation

7.2.1 Site Workers

7.2.2 Planned or Scheduled Observer

7.2.3 Third-Party Observation

7.3 Distributed Cable-Based Leak Detection Technology

7.4 Fiber Optic Cable-Based Sensor Systems

7.5 Hydrocarbon-Sensing Tubes

7.6 Fixed/Discrete Sensor Leak Detection Systems

7.6.1 Fixed Infrared and Spectrographic Detectors

7.6.2 Infrared Imaging

7.6.3 Fixed Acoustic Sensing

7.6.4 Fixed Hydrocarbon-Sensing Probes

7.6.5 Fixed Vapor or Tracer Element Sensors

7.7 Other External Methods

7.7.1 Ultrasonic Meter External Leak Detection

7.7.2 Intermittent Leak Detection Systems and Methods

7.7.3 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Leak Detection Technology

7.8 General Assessment

Reference

8 Leak Detection System Infrastructure

8.1 Field Instrumentation

8.1.1 Measurement Uncertainty

Reference Accuracy

Influence of Ambient and Process Conditions

Bias

8.1.2 Time Skew

8.1.3 Data Sampling Processing Best Practices

Respect the Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem

Use Report by Exception With Care

Prefer 16-Bit A/D Converters or Digital Interfaces

Filter Data Obtained Through A/D Conversion

Apply Input Data Filtering Consistently and Appropriately

Prefer Continuous Over Discrete Signals

Sample at an Appropriate Rate.

8.1.4 Dealing With Calibration and Other Instrument Maintenance

Leak Detection System Should Have Input Override Capability

Clearly Communicate the Status of Instrument Overrides

Calibrate Field Instruments Frequently

8.2 Supporting Telecommunication and Network Infrastructure

8.2.1 Telecommunication Infrastructures

Fiber Optics Telecommunication Systems

Microwave Systems

Satellite Communications

Other Telecommunication Systems

8.2.2 Telecommunication Redundancy

8.2.3 Telecommunication Issues

8.2.4 Telecommunication Best Practices

8.3 SCADA System Considerations

8.3.1 SCADA HMI Considerations

8.4 Historical Archiving of Data

8.4.1 Archiving Measurement Data

8.4.2 Archiving Leak Detection Results and Control Actions

8.5 Resilient System Design

9 Leak Detection Performance, Testing, and Tuning

9.1 Performance Metrics

9.1.1 Primary Performance Metrics and Leak Detection Performance Mapping

9.1.2 Derived Metrics and LDS System Efficiency

9.2 Tuning and Tradeoffs

9.3 LDS Performance Testing and Evaluation

9.3.1 Commodity Withdrawal Testing for CPM Systems

9.3.2 Field Point Edit-Based Testing of CPM Systems

9.3.3 LDS Software-Based Testing

9.4 LDS Tuning

9.5 Performance Standards

10 Human Factor Considerations in Leak Detection

10.1 The Human-Machine Signal Detection Control Loop

10.1.1 Diagnosing Alarms in the Face of Uncertainty

10.1.2 Human Factors in the Control Room

10.1.3 Data Display, Presentation, and Integration

10.1.4 CRM Regulatory Requirements, Industry Standards, and Recommended Practices

10.1.5 Alarm Management Overview

10.1.6 Balancing Sensitivity and False Alarms

10.1.7 Training

10.1.8 Human Factors Summary

10.2 Direct Observation Leak Detection

10.2.1 Physical Release Models.

10.2.2 Detection of Leaks by the Public

11 Implementation and Installation of Pipeline Leak Detection Systems

11.1 Performance Requirement Specification

11.2 Leak Detection Technology/Methodology Decision

11.3 LDS System Integration Requirements

11.3.1 External Leak Detection Integration Requirements

11.3.2 Internal Leak Detection Integration Requirements

11.4 System Testing

11.5 Vendor Identification and Assessment

11.6 Commissioning

11.7 Long-Term Support Issues

12 Regulatory Requirements

12.1 The United States of America Regulatory Environment

12.1.1 US Interstate Federal Regulations

Interstate Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Regulations

Interstate Gas Pipelines

Intrastate Hazardous Liquid Pipelines

12.2 Canada

12.3 Germany

12.4 Regulatory Requirements in Other Jurisdictions

12.4.1 Brazil

12.4.2 Great Britain

13 Leak Detection and Risk-Based Integrity Management

13.1 Quantifying Integrity Breach Risk and Impact

13.1.1 Liquid Pipeline Spill Risk, Magnitude, and Cost

13.1.2 Liquid Commodity Spill Source Classification

13.1.3 Gas-Phase Commodity Integrity Breaches

13.1.4 Leak Detection Technology Versus Other Detection Mechanisms

13.2 Understanding the Consequences of a Spill

13.2.1 Low-Vapor-Pressure Liquid Pipeline Spills

13.2.2 HVL Spills

13.2.3 Gas Pipeline Ruptures

13.2.4 Summary

13.3 Leak Detection as a Component of Pipeline Loss-of-Integrity Risk Management

13.3.1 Analytical Basis

13.3.2 Pipeline Design to Minimize Loss of Containment Impact

13.3.3 Preventive Maintenance Program

13.3.4 Effective Leak Detection Program, Technology, and Procedures

13.3.5 Effective Response Plan

13.4 Conclusion

Index

Back Cover.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9780128025673

0128025670