Lipid modification by enzymes and engineered microbes / edited by Uwe T. Bornscheuer.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Bornscheuer, U. T. (Uwe Theo), 1964- editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Lipids.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xii, 382 pages) : illustrations

Place of Publication:

London : Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, [2018]

Summary:

Lipid Modification by Enzymes and Engineered Microbes covers the state-of-the art use of enzymes as natural biocatalysts to modify oils, also presenting how microorganisms, such as yeast, can be designed. In the past ten years, the field has made enormous progress, not only with respect to the tools developed for the development of designer enzymes, but also in the metabolic engineering of microbes, the discovery of novel enzyme activities, and in reaction engineering/process development. For the first time, these advances are covered in a single-volume that is edited by leading enzymatic scientist Uwe Borchscheuer and authored by an international team of experts.- Identifies how, and when, to use enzymes and microbes for lipid modification- Provides enzymatic, microbial and metabolic techniques for lipid modification- Covers lipases, acyltransferases, phospholipases, lipoxygenases, monooxygenases, isomerases and sophorolipids- Includes lipid modification for use in food, biofuels, oleochemicals and polymer precursors

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1 - Enzymes in Lipid Modification: An Overview

Introduction

Practical considerations for the use of biocatalysts

Lipases

Conclusions

References

Chapter 2 - Protein engineering of enzymes involved in lipid modification

Computational tools for enzyme design and engineering

Computational Tools for De Novo Protein Design

Computational Tools to Increase the Efficiency of Protein Engineering

Directed evolution

Library Construction

Library Screening

Rational design

Improving Enzyme Stability by Rational Design

Alteration of Enzyme Specificity by Rational Design

Semirational design

Strategies for Focused Saturation Mutagenesis

Statistical Methods

Combining Rational Approaches with Directed Evolution

Chimeric enzymes

Domain Swapping

Fusion Enzymes

De novo design

Acknowledgements

Chapter 3 - Lipases/Acyltransferases for Lipid Modification in Aqueous Media

Acyltransfer reactions in aqueous media

Thermodynamically or Kinetically Controlled Reactions

Reaction Scheme and Kinetics

Kinetic-based Quantification of the Acyltransferase Activity of Lipases

Lipases vs. Lipases/Acytransferases: Kinetic Characteristics and Classification

Kinetic Model for Reactions Catalyzed by Lipases/Acyltransferases

Phylogeny and structural features of lipases/acyltransferases

CpLIP2 and Enzymes Related to CAL-A

CpLIP2 from C. parapsilosis

Structure of CpLIP2

Catalytic Features

Lipases/AcylTransferases Homologous to CpLIP2

CAL-A: The Lipase A from M. antarcticus (Formerly C. antarctica)

Other Wild-Type Acyltransferases.

Structural Determinants of the Acyltransfer Ability of CpLIP2 Lipase/Acyltransferase and Its Homologs

Site-directed Mutagenesis

"Rational" Gene Shuffling

Chapter 4 - Enzymatic Modification of Phospholipids by Phospholipase D

Reaction engineering with pld as a biocatalyst

Reaction Systems

Biphasic Reaction Systems

Anhydrous Organic Solvent System

Heterogeneous Phase Systems

Mixed Micelle Systems

"Green" Solvent Systems

Syntheses of Natural PLs

Synthesis of Unnatural PLs

Limitations Regarding Acceptor Compounds

Examples of Biofunctional PLs

Structure-function relationship in PLDs

Natural Abundance of PLDs Showing Transphosphatidylation Activity

Structures

Catalytic Mechanism

Protein Engineering of PLDs

Improving the Catalytic Activity

Enhancing Thermostability

Altering Head Group Specificity

Concluding remarks

Chapter 5 - Enzymatic Decarboxylation as a Tool for the Enzymatic Defunctionalization of Hydrophobic Bio-based Organic Acids

Oxidative decarboxylation of fatty acids

The Long-Chain Fatty Acid Decarboxylase OleTJE From Jeotgalicoccus sp.

The Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Decarboxylase UndA

The Membrane-Bound Fatty Acid Oxidative Decarboxylase UndB

Decarbonylation of fatty acids bound to acp and acyl coenzyme a

Decarbonylation of Acyl-ACP in Cyanobacteria

OLS From Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002

Decarboxylative Head-to-Head Fatty Acid Fusion

Release of long-chain olefins from type I PKSs

Type I PKS SgcE

Decarboxylation of hydroxy cinnamic ACIDS and cinnamic ACIDS

Phenolic Acid Decarboxylase

Substrate Spectrum of Cofactor-free PAD

Synthetic Applications of PADs

Olefin production in engineered microbes

References.

Chapter 6 - Hydratase, Dehydrogenase, Isomerase, and Enone Reductase Involved in Fatty Acid Saturation Metabolism

Pufa saturation by gut lactic acid bacteria affecting host lipid composition

From Conjugated Fatty Acid Synthesis to PUFA Saturation Metabolism

Enzymatic Analysis of PUFA Saturation Metabolism

Overall Picture of PUFA Saturation Metabolism

Variations of PUFA Saturation Metabolism

Characteristics of the enzymes involved in pufa saturation metabolism

Fatty Acid Hydratase

Fatty Acid Hydratase from L. plantarum

Fatty Acid Hydratases from Lactobacillus acidophilus

Hydroxy fatty acid dehydrogenase

Hydroxy Fatty Acid Dehydrogenase from L. plantarum

Enone reductase

Enone Reductase from L. plantarum

Hydroxy fatty acid production

10-Hydroxy Fatty Acid Production with ∆9 Hydratase from L. plantarum

13-Hydroxy Fatty Acid Production with Pediococcus sp.

Production of Dicarboxylic Acids from Hydroxy- and Oxo Fatty Acids by Laccase-catalyzed Oxidative Cleavage

Chapter 7 - Regiospecific Conversion of Lipids and Fatty Acids through Enzymatic Cascade Reactions

Biotransformation pathways for the regiospecific conversion of lipids and fatty ACIDS

Natural Pathway-based Biotransformation

CYP52-based Biotransformation

Other Alkane Hydroxylases-based Biotransformation

Lipoxygenase/Peroxide Lyase-based Biotransformation

Artificial Pathways-based Biotransformation

Conversion of Long-Chain Hydroxy Fatty Acids into Medium-Chain Fatty Acids

Conversion of Unsaturated Fatty Acids into Medium-Chain Fatty Acids

Conversion of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids into Medium-Chain Fatty Acids

Biotransformation of Lipids into Medium-Chain Fatty Acids

Expanding the Artificial Pathways.

Production of α,w-Dicarboxylic Acids from w-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids

Production of w-Aminocarboxylic Acids from w-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids

Engineering of enzymes and whole-cell biocatalysts

Engineering of BVMOs

Engineering of Whole Cells

Bioprocess engineering

Production of Esters at High Cell Density

Scale-up

Acknowledgment

Chapter 8 - Enzymatic Gum Treatment

Historic overview of degumming processes

Chemistry and physical chemistry of phospholipids

Phospholipase enzymes

Novo Nordisk/Novozymes

Röhm/AB Enzymes

Danisco/Dupont

Süd-Chemie/Clariant

Diversa/Verenium/DSM

Enzymatic gum treatment processes

Treatment of Gums to Modify their Properties

Treatment of Gums to Recuperate Oil

Treatment of Oil as a Preparation for Physical Refining

Treatment of Oil to Maximize Oil Yield

Discussion

Chapter 9 - Applications of Structured Lipids in Selected Food Market Segments and their Evolving Consumer Demands

Structured lipids in commercial applications

Methodology for the synthesis of SLs

Considerations on reaction conditions for the enzymatic synthesis of SLs

SLs in selected applications

Chocolate and Nonchocolate Confectionery Applications

Omega-3 fatty acid-enriched oils for improved nutrition and health

Hmf analogs for use in infant formula

SLs in margarine and shortening

Chapter 10 - Biodiesel Production Using Lipases

Current chemical technologies for biodiesel production

Acid-catalyzed Transesterification Process

Alkali-catalyzed Transesterification Process

Effects of Moisture and Free Fatty Acids

Effect of Molar Ratio

Effect of Catalyst Type

Two-Step Transesterification Process

Basic reactions in enzymatic biodiesel production.

Kinetics of enzymatic production of biodiesel

Transesterification Reaction

The Ping-Pong Bi Bi Mechanism of Lipases

Factors Affecting Enzymatic Biodiesel Production

Kinetic Models

Lipases for enzymatic biodiesel production

Reaction systems

Reaction Temperature

Alcohol Donor

Water Content

Lipase Loading

Reaction Time

Lipase-catalyzed Biodiesel Production in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Ionic Liquids as Cosolvent

Industrial processes

Industrial Advantages of Enzymatic Biodiesel Synthesis

Technical Solutions for Liquid and Immobilized Enzymes

Summary of Enzymatic Biodiesel Producers

Viesel Fuel LLC

TransBiodiesel

Chapter 11 - Microbial and Enzymatic Synthesis of Polymers

Microbial polymerizations of fatty acids to produce poly(hydroxyalkanoates) phas: background

Pha production from plant oils and corresponding FAs

Pha production from waste or coproduct derived FAs

Metabolic engineering to convert fas to mcl-pha homopolymers

In vitro or cell-free enzyme catalyzed polymerizations of fa and their derivatives

Enzyme-Catalyzed Condensation Polymerizations

Cutinase-catalyzed condensation polymerizations

Enzyme-Catalyzed Polymerization of Suberin and Cutin Derived FA Monomers

Chapter 12 - Conventional and Oleaginous Yeasts as Platforms for Lipid Modification and Production

Lipid production with oleaginous yeast

General Overview

S. cerevisiae as a Model Organism for Fatty Acid Production

Divergent Fatty Acid Metabolism in Oleaginous Yeasts

Tools for the optimization of lipid production by yeasts

High-Throughput Generation and Screening of Optimized Strains

Quantification of Intracellular Intermediates Through Usage of Synthetic Biosensors.

Identification and Optimization of Oleaginous Yeasts.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9780128131688

0128131683

9780128131671

0128131675