Acquisition and processing of marine seismic data / Derman Dondurur.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Dondurur, Derman, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Seismology.

Seismic prospecting.

Seismic reflection method.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (608 pages) : color illustrations

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, Netherland : Elsevier, 2018.

Summary:

Acquisition and Processing of Marine Seismic Data demonstrates the main principles, required equipment, and suitable selection of parameters in 2D/3D marine seismic data acquisition, as well as theoretical principles of 2D marine seismic data processing and their practical implications. Featuring detailed datasets and examples, the book helps to relate theoretical background to real seismic data. This reference also contains important QC analysis methods and results both for data acquisition and marine seismic data processing.Acquisition and Processing of Marine Seismic Data is a valuable tool for researchers and students in geophysics, marine seismics, and seismic data, as well as for oil and gas exploration.- Contains simple step-by-step diagrams of the methodology used in the processing of seismic data to demonstrate the theory behind the applications- Combines theory and practice, including extensive noise, QC, and velocity analyses, as well as examples for beginners in the seismic operations market- Includes simple illustrations to provide to the audience an easy understanding of the theoretical background- Contains enhanced field data examples and applications

Contents:

Front Cover

Acquisition and Processing of Marine Seismic Data

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. Underwater Acoustics

1.2. Marine Acoustic Methods

1.2.1. Bathymetric Systems

1.2.2. Side-Scan Sonar

1.2.3. Subbottom Profiler

1.2.4. Single Channel and Multichannel Seismics

1.2.5. Yesterday/Today/Future of Seismic Exploration at Sea

1.3. Fundamentals of Marine Seismics

1.3.1. Seismic Waves

1.3.2. Reflection From an Interface

1.3.3. Shot Gathers

1.3.4. Reflection Hyperbolas

Chapter 2: Marine Seismic Data Acquisition

2.1. Components of Marine Seismic Acquisition

2.1.1. Seismic Vessels

2.1.2. Hydrophones and Streamer

2.1.3. Marine Seismic Energy Sources

2.1.4. Gun Control Systems

2.1.5. Streamer Depth Controllers

2.1.6. Seismic Recorder

2.1.7. Integrated Navigation System

2.1.8. Tail Buoys, Dilt Floats and Paravanes

2.1.9. Lead-in and Deck Cables

2.2. Air Gun Arrays

2.2.1. Air Gun Principles

2.2.2. Air Gun Bubble Effect

2.2.3. Ghost Reflection

2.2.4. Near-/Far-Field Source Signatures

2.2.5. Cluster/String/Array

2.2.6. Tuning and Array Performance

2.3. 3D Marine Seismic Acquisition

2.3.1. Acquisition Patterns

2.3.2. Streamer Steering

2.3.3. Streamer Layout

2.3.4. Acoustic Network

2.3.5. Flip-Flop Shooting

2.3.6. Slant Streamer Acquisition

2.3.7. Fan Mode Acquisition

2.3.8. Multiazimuth Surveys

2.4. Specific Acquisition Techniques

2.4.1. Ocean Bottom Seismic Acquisition

2.4.1.1. Ocean Bottom Cable

2.4.1.2. Ocean Bottom Seismometer

2.4.1.3. Ocean Bottom Nodes

2.4.2. Time-Lapse (4D) Seismic

2.4.3. Transition Zone Acquisition

2.4.4. P-Cable Acquisition

2.5. Data Acquisition Parameters

2.5.1. Parameters for Survey Geometry, Sources, and Receivers.

2.5.1.1. Shot Interval

2.5.1.2. Streamer/Source Depth

2.5.1.3. Group Interval

2.5.1.4. Offset Distance

2.5.1.5. Sail Line Azimuth

2.5.1.6. 2D and 3D Coverage

2.5.1.7. Bin Size

2.5.1.8. Line Interval and Infill

2.5.1.9. Run-In and Run-Out Distances

2.5.1.10. Air Gun and Array Parameters

2.5.1.11. Tow Distance and Vessel Speed

2.5.2. Parameters for Data Recording

2.5.2.1. Record Length

2.5.2.2. Sampling Rate

2.5.2.3. Recording Filter Cut-Off Frequencies

2.5.2.4. Dynamic Range and Seismic Sample Format

2.5.2.5. Optimum Fold

2.6. QC in Data Acquisition

2.6.1. Preacquisition Instrument Tests

2.6.1.1. Tests for Navigation System and Components

2.6.1.2. Tests for Seismic System and Streamer

2.6.1.3. Tests for Gun Array and Components

2.6.2. Analysis of Seismic Data

2.6.3. Analysis of Navigation Data

2.6.4. Analysis of Seismic Source

2.6.5. QC Reporting

2.6.5.1. Mobilization Report

2.6.5.2. QC Reports Per-Line

2.6.5.3. Daily Reports

2.6.5.4. Weekly and Monthly Reports

2.6.5.5. Final Survey Report

2.6.5.6. HSE Report

2.6.5.7. Final Deliverables

Chapter 3: Noise in Marine Seismics

3.1. Operational Noise

3.2. Bubble Effect of the Air Gun

3.3. Multiple Reflections

3.4. Swell Noise

3.5. Bird Noise

3.6. Inline Waves

3.6.1. Tail Buoy Noise

3.6.2. Mechanical Cable Noise

3.6.3. Direct Waves

3.6.4. Refracted Waves

3.7. Diffractions

3.8. Guided Waves

3.9. Seismic Interference

3.10. Other Noise Types

3.10.1. Powerline Harmonic Noise

3.10.2. Spikelike Noise

3.10.3. Side-Sweep

3.10.4. Noise From Other Marine Vehicles

3.10.5. Marine Mammals

3.10.6. Streamer Ballasts

Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Data Processing

4.1. Autocorrelation

4.2. Crosscorrelation

4.3. Convolution

4.4. Fourier Series.

4.5. 1D Fourier Transform

4.6. 2D Fourier Transform

4.7. z Transform

4.8. Hilbert Transform

4.9. τ-p Transform (Slant Stack)

4.10. Sampling Theory

Chapter 5: Preprocessing

5.1. Demultiplexing

5.2. Data Loading

5.3. Single Trace Section

5.4. Geometry Definition

5.4.1. QC in Geometry Loading

5.5. Band-Pass Filter

5.5.1. Filter Operator

5.5.2. Band-Pass Filtering of Marine Seismic Data

5.5.3. Time Varying Filtering

5.5.4. QC in Band-Pass Filtering

5.6. Gain Recovery

5.6.1. Spherical Divergence Correction

5.6.2. Time Raised to a Power Correction (tP)

5.6.3. Automatic Gain Control

5.6.4. QC in Gain Recovery

5.7. Trace Edit

5.8. Muting

5.8.1. QC in Muting

5.9. f-k Dip Filters

5.9.1. f-k Filtering of Marine Seismic Data

5.9.2. QC in f-k Filtering

5.10. Brute Stack

Chapter 6: Deconvolution

6.1. Convolutional Model

6.2. Assumptions for Deconvolution

6.2.1. Assumption 1: A Simple Earth Model

6.2.2. Assumption 2: Stationary Wavelet

6.2.3. Assumption 3: Noise Component

6.2.4. Assumption 4: Source Waveform

6.2.5. Assumption 5: Wavelet Causality

6.2.6. Assumption 6: Random Reflectivity

6.3. Spiking Deconvolution

6.3.1. Deconvolution With Inverse Filter

6.3.2. Inverse Filtering With Least Squares

6.3.3. Optimum Wiener Filters

6.3.4. Prewhitening

6.4. Predictive Deconvolution

6.5. Determination of Deconvolution Parameters

6.5.1. Autocorrelation Time Gate

6.5.2. Deconvolution Design Gate

6.5.3. Operator Length

6.5.4. Prediction Lag

6.6. Poststack Deconvolution

6.7. Maximum Entropy (Burg) Deconvolution

6.8. Shaping Filters

6.9. Surface Consistent Deconvolution

6.10. QC in Deconvolution

Chapter 7: Suppression of Multiple Reflections

7.1. CDP Stack

7.2. Predictive Deconvolution.

7.3. Deconvolution in τ-p Domain

7.4. Radon Velocity Filter

7.5. Wave Equation Multiple Rejection

7.6. f-k Filtering

7.7. Surface-Related Multiple Elimination

7.8. QC in Multiple Suppression

Chapter 8: CDP Sort and Binning

8.1. CDP Geometry

8.2. CDP Fold

8.3. Binning in 3D

8.4. QC in Sort and Binning

Chapter 9: Velocity Analysis

9.1. Types of Seismic Velocity

9.1.1. Interval Velocity (Vint)

9.1.2. Average Velocity (Vave)

9.1.3. Instantaneous Velocity (Vins)

9.1.4. Root-Mean-Square Velocity (VRMS)

9.1.5. NMO or Stacking Velocity (VNMO)

9.1.6. Dix Interval Velocity (VDIX)

9.2. Velocity Determination From Seismic Data

9.2.1. Constant Velocity Scan

9.2.2. Constant Velocity Stack

9.2.3. Velocity Spectra

9.3. Velocity Analysis in Practice

9.3.1. Supergather

9.3.2. Effect of Reflection Depth

9.3.3. Effect of Streamer Length

9.3.4. Effect of Fold Number

9.3.5. Effect of Multiple Reflections

9.3.6. Effect of Time Gate

9.3.7. Effect of Velocity Increment

9.3.8. Effect of Semblance Sample Rate

9.3.9. Effect of Noise

9.3.10. Effect of Muting

9.4. QC in Velocity Analysis

Chapter 10: Normal Moveout Correction and Stacking

10.1. Normal Moveout Time

10.1.1. NMO Time for Single Horizontal Interface

10.1.2. NMO Time for Several Horizontal Interfaces

10.1.3. NMO Time for Dipping Interfaces

10.1.4. NMO Corrections for Long Offsets

10.1.5. NMO Velocity in Azimuthally Anisotropic Medium

10.2. NMO Stretching

10.3. Stacking

10.4. Specific Stacking Methods

10.4.1. Partial Stack

10.4.2. Median Stack

10.4.3. Trimmed Stack

10.4.4. Common Reflection Surface Stack

10.5. QC in NMO Correction and Stacking

Chapter 11: Seismic Migration

11.1. Migration Concept

11.1.1. Effects of Migration

11.1.2. Types of Migration.

11.2. Kirchhoff Migration

11.2.1. Migration Aperture

11.2.2. Maximum Dip Restriction

11.2.3. Effect of Velocity on Kirchhoff Migration

11.3. Finite-Difference Migration

11.3.1. Depth Step Size

11.3.2. Effect of Velocity on Finite-Difference Migration

11.4. Frequency-Wavenumber (f-k) Migration

11.4.1. Stolt Stretch Factor (W)

11.4.2. Effect of Velocity on f-k Migration

11.5. Reverse Time Migration

11.6. Poststack Migration

11.7. Prestack Migration

11.8. Depth Migration

11.9. 3D Migration

11.10. Dip Moveout

11.11. Which Migration to Use?

11.12. QC in Migration

Chapter 12: Specific Methods

12.1. f-x Prediction Filter (f-x Decon)

12.2. Median Filter

12.3. Trace Mixing

12.4. Time-Variant Spectral Whitening

12.5. Instantaneous Attributes

12.6. Amplitude vs. Offset

12.6.1. AVO Equations

12.6.1.1. Zoeppritz Equations

12.6.1.2. Aki-Richards Approximation

12.6.1.3. Shuey Approximation

12.6.2. Intercept and Gradient

12.6.3. AVO Classes

12.6.3.1. Class I (Dim Out) AVO Anomalies

12.6.3.2. Class II (Phase Reversal) AVO Anomalies

12.6.3.3. Class III (Bright Spot) AVO Anomalies

12.6.3.4. Class IV AVO Anomalies

12.6.4. Processing Considerations for AVO

12.6.5. AVO Analysis

12.6.5.1. Partial Stack

12.6.5.2. Gradient Analysis

12.6.5.3. AVO Attributes

12.6.5.4. AVO Crossplots

References

Index

Back Cover

Preface.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9780128114919

0128114916

9780128114902

0128114908