Unconventional oil and gas resources handbook : evaluation and development / edited by Y. Zee Ma, Stephen A. Holditch.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Ma, Y. Zee, editor.

Holditch, Stephen A., editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Petroleum engineering--Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Petroleum engineering.

Petroleum--Prospecting--Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Petroleum.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (0 p.)

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, [Netherlands] : Gulf Professional Publishing, 2016.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Handbook: Evaluation and Development is a must-have, helpful handbook that brings a wealth of information to engineers and geoscientists. Bridging between subsurface and production, the handbook provides engineers and geoscientists with effective methodology to better define resources and reservoirs. Better reservoir knowledge and innovative technologies are making unconventional resources economically possible, and multidisciplinary approaches in evaluating these resources are critical to successful development. Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Handbook takes this approach, covering a wide range of topics for developing these resources including exploration, evaluation, drilling, completion, and production. Topics include theory, methodology, and case histories and will help to improve the understanding,integrated evaluation, and effective development of unconventional resources.- Presents methods for a full development cycle of unconventional resources, from exploration through production- Explores multidisciplinary integrations for evaluation and development of unconventional resources and covers a broad range of reservoir characterization methods and development scenarios- Delivers balanced information with multiple contributors from both academia and industry- Provides case histories involving geological analysis, geomechanical analysis, reservoir modeling, hydraulic fracturing treatment, microseismic monitoring, well performance and refracturing for development of unconventional reservoirs

Contents:

Front Cover

Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Handbook Evaluation and Development

Copyright

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

PART 1 - GENERAL TOPICS

1 - UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCES FROM EXPLORATION TO PRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 EXPLORATION AND EARLY APPRAISAL

1.2.1 PETROLEUM SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND MODELING

1.2.2 RESOURCE PROSPECTING AND RANKING

1.3 EVALUATION

1.3.1 MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION

1.3.2 PORES

1.3.3 HYDROCARBON SATURATION AND TYPES

1.3.4 PERMEABILITY

1.3.5 COMPLETION QUALITY

1.3.6 PRESSURE

1.3.7 INTEGRATED EVALUATION

1.4 DRILLING

1.5 COMPLETION AND STIMULATION

1.5.1 FRACTURE GEOMETRY AND COMPLEXITY

1.5.2 FRACTURING FLUID AND PROPPANT

1.5.3 FRACTURING STAGES

1.6 PRODUCTION

1.6.1 PRODUCTION DRIVERS

1.6.2 CALIBRATING THE DRIVERS TO PRODUCTION

1.6.3 MICROSEISMIC MONITORING

1.6.4 REFRACTURING TREATMENT

1.6.5 ARTIFICIAL LIFT

1.6.6 TRACER, LEAKOFF, AND FLOWBACK

1.6.7 HEAVY OIL AND PRODUCTION FROM OIL SANDS

1.6.8 WATER MANAGEMENT

1.7 UNCONVENTIONAL GLOBALIZATION

1.7.1 GLOBAL UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCES

1.7.2 NATIONAL SECURITY MATTER AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

1.7.3 CHALLENGES IN GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT OF UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCES

1.7.3.1 Uncertainty and Risk in Resource Estimates

1.7.3.2 Technologies for Developing Difficult Unconventional Resources

1.7.3.3 Water Stress

1.7.3.4 Environmental Considerations

1.8 CONCLUSIONS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

UNITS

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

2 - WORLD RECOVERABLE UNCONVENTIONAL GAS RESOURCES ASSESSMENT

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.1.1 PETROLEUM RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PRMS)

2.1.2 ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION (EIA) CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

2.1.3 BASIN TYPES AND GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF BASINS

2.1.4 MONTE CARLO PROBABILISTIC APPROACH

2.2 METHODOLOGY.

2.3 GLOBAL UNCONVENTIONAL GAS ORIGINAL GAS-IN-PLACE ASSESSMENT

2.3.1 CBM OGIP

2.3.2 TIGHT GAS OGIP

2.3.3 SHALE GAS ORIGINAL GAS-IN-PLACE

2.4 TECHNICALLY RECOVERABLE RESOURCES RECOVERY FACTOR

2.4.1 COAL BED METHANE RECOVERY FACTORS

2.4.2 TIGHT GAS RECOVERY FACTORS

2.4.3 SHALE GAS RECOVERY FACTORS

2.5 GLOBAL RECOVERABLE UNCONVENTIONAL GAS RESOURCE EVALUATION

2.5.1 COAL BED METHANE TECHNICALLY RECOVERABLE RESOURCES

2.5.2 TIGHT GAS TECHNICALLY RECOVERABLE RESOURCES

2.5.3 SHALE GAS TRR

2.6 DISCUSSION

2.7 CONCLUSION

NOMENCLATURE

3 - GEOCHEMISTRY APPLIED TO EVALUATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCES

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.1.1 SUBSURFACE EVOLUTION OF ORGANIC MATTER

3.1.2 CONVENTIONAL VERSUS UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCES

3.1.3 EMPIRICAL MEASURES OF SWEET SPOTS

3.2 DISCUSSION

3.2.1 ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION

3.2.1.1 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis

3.2.1.2 Total Organic Carbon

3.2.1.3 Geochemical Methods for TOC

3.2.1.4 Indirect Wireline TOC

3.2.1.5 Direct Wireline TOC

3.2.2 ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL LOGS AND ANCILLARY TOOLS

3.2.2.1 Van Krevelen Diagrams

3.2.2.2 TOC versus S2 Plots

3.2.2.3 Organic Petrography

3.2.3 INORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL LOGS

3.2.4 FLUID ADSORPTION IN UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS

3.2.4.1 Quantifying Adsorption under Reservoir Conditions

3.2.5 CONTRIBUTION OF ADSORBED GAS TO GAS-IN-PLACE AND PRODUCTION

3.2.6 HYDROCARBON GENERATION, EXPULSION, AND RETENTION

3.2.7 STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE ROLLOVER

3.2.8 EFFECT OF TRANSIENT FLOW ON GEOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS

3.2.9 MASS BALANCE AND HYDROCARBON GAS RETENTION EFFICIENCY

3.2.10 BASIN AND PETROLEUM SYSTEM MODELING

3.2.10.1 SARA Modeling

3.2.11 EXAMPLE OF BPSM MODELING FOR SHALE GAS

3.2.12 KEROGEN ANALYSES FOR STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION

3.2.12.1 Elemental Analysis.

3.2.12.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

3.2.12.3 Infrared spectroscopy

3.2.12.4 X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy

3.2.12.5 Other Methods

3.2.13 KEROGEN STRUCTURE THROUGH ASPHALTENE CHEMISTRY

3.3 CONCLUSIONS

3.4 APPENDIX: KEROGEN TYPES AND PREPARATION

3.4.1 KEROGEN TYPES

3.4.2 KEROGEN PREPARATION

4 - PORE-SCALE CHARACTERIZATION OF GAS FLOW PROPERTIES IN SHALE BY DIGITAL CORE ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 GAS SHALE CHARACTERIZATION BY DCA

4.2.1 IMAGING POROUS SAMPLES

4.2.2 PORE-SCALE CHARACTERIZATION AND RECONSTRUCTION

4.2.3 MODELING PORE-SCALE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES

4.2.4 DETERMINATION OF MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES FOR A SAMPLE

4.3 GAS FLOW BEHAVIORS IN SHALE PORES AND PORE-NETWORK MODELS

4.3.1 GAS FLOW REGIMES

4.3.2 BEHAVIORS OF APPARENT GAS PERMEABILITY

4.4 SURFACE ADSORPTION/DESORPTION AND AN EFFECTIVE MULTILAYER ADSORPTION MODEL

4.4.1 BASICS OF ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION

4.4.2 GAS-SOLID ADSORPTION MODELS

4.4.3 HETEROGENEOUS MULTILAYER GAS ADSORPTION AND FREE GAS FLOW

4.5 AGGREGATED EFFECT ON THE PREDICTED GAS PERMEABILITY

4.6 CONCLUSIONS

5 - WIRELINE LOG SIGNATURES OF ORGANIC MATTER AND LITHOFACIES CLASSIFICATIONS FOR SHALE AND TIGHT CARBONATE RESERVOIRS

5.1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

5.1.1 LITHOFACIES IN SHALE RESERVOIRS

5.1.2 OVERVIEW OF WIRELINE LOG RESPONSES TO ORGANIC MATTER

5.1.3 SCOPE

5.2 REVIEW OF LITHOFACIES CLASSIFICATION IN CONVENTIONAL FORMATION EVALUATION

5.3 TIGHT CARBONATE RESERVOIRS WITHOUT PRESENCE OF ORGANIC SHALE

5.4 SHALE RESERVOIRS WITH THE PRESENCE OF CARBONATE LITHOFACIES AND WITHOUT SILICEOUS LITHOFACIES

5.5 FORMATIONS WITH A MIXTURE OF CLAYEY, SILICEOUS, CARBONATE AND ORGANIC LITHOFACIES.

5.6 MULTILEVEL CLUSTERING OF LITHOFACIES AND ROCK TYPES

5.7 CONCLUSIONS

Acknowledgment

5 . APPENDIX A: A TUTORIAL ON PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

6 - THE ROLE OF PORE PROXIMITY IN GOVERNING FLUID PVT BEHAVIOR AND PRODUCED FLUIDS COMPOSITION IN LIQUIDS-RICH SHAL ...

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 PORE CONFINEMENT EFFECTS ON FLUID PROPERTIES

6.2.1 EFFECTS OF CONFINEMENT ON ALKANE CRITICAL PROPERTIES

6.2.2 EFFECT OF CONFINEMENT ON PHASE BEHAVIOR OF MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURES

6.3 MULTICOMPONENT FLUID TRANSPORT IN NANOPORES

6.3.1 COMPOSITIONAL VARIATIONS IN PRODUCED FLUIDS

6.3.1.1 Synthetic Oil Case Study

6.3.1.2 Black Oil Case Study

6.4 IMPLICATIONS OF PORE PROXIMITY ON WELL DRAINAGE AREAS AND PRODUCTIVITY

6.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION MODEL

6.5 MODIFICATIONS TO EXISTING EQUATIONS-OF-STATE

6.6 IMPACT TO PRODUCERS

6.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

7 - GEOMECHANICS FOR UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 MECHANICAL EARTH MODEL

7.2.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

7.2.2 ROCK STRENGTH

7.2.3 PORE PRESSURE

7.2.4 STRESSES

7.2.4.1 Vertical Stress

7.2.4.2 Minimum and Maximum Horizontal Stress

7.2.4.3 Stress Direction

7.2.5 MODEL VALIDATION AND CALIBRATION

7.3 DRILLING APPLICATIONS FOR UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS

7.3.1 WELLBORE STABILITY

7.3.1.1 Kick

7.3.1.2 Losses and Breakdown

7.3.1.3 Wellbore Damage

7.3.1.4 Depth of Failure

7.3.2 DEVIATION AND AZIMUTH

7.4 COMPLETION APPLICATIONS FOR UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS

7.5 CONCLUSIONS

8 - HYDRAULIC FRACTURE TREATMENT, OPTIMIZATION, AND PRODUCTION MODELING

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 FRACTURE FLUID AND PROPPANT SELECTIONS

8.2.1 FLUID SELECTION

8.2.2 PROPPANT SELECTION

8.3 OPTIMIZING FRACTURE DESIGN AND COMPLETION STRATEGIES.

8.3.1 BUILDING A CALIBRATED MECHANICAL EARTH MODEL

8.3.2 SELECTING THE ADEQUATE FRACTURE MODEL

8.3.3 ESTIMATING FRACTURE PROPERTIES

8.4 PRODUCTION MODELING

8.4.1 ANALYTICAL VERSUS NUMERICAL MODELS

8.4.2 CONSOLIDATING A PREDICTIVE MODEL

8.4.3 MANAGING UNCERTAINTY

8.4.4 MODEL APPLICATIONS

8.5 ECONOMIC AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

8.5.1 OPERATIONAL AND LOGISTIC ANALYSES

8.6 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONS

9 - THE APPLICATION OF MICROSEISMIC MONITORING IN UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 MICROSEISMIC MONITORING BASICS

9.2.1 CONCEPTS AND BACKGROUND

9.2.1.1 What Is Microseismicity?

9.2.1.2 Microseismic Applications

9.2.2 MICROSEISMIC MONITORING AND PROCESSING

9.2.3 IMPORTANT PARAMETERS

9.2.3.1 Velocity

9.2.3.2 Moment Magnitude

9.2.3.3 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

9.2.3.4 b-Value

9.2.3.5 D-Value

9.2.3.6 S/P Ratio

9.2.3.7 Focal Mechanisms

9.3 MICROSEISMIC APPLICATION TO UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

9.3.1 MICROSEISMIC EVENT PARAMETERS

9.3.2 APPLICATIONS AND CASE STUDIES

9.3.2.1 Fracture Azimuth

9.3.2.2 Natural Fractures

9.3.2.3 Real Time Processing and Analysis

9.3.2.4 Fracture Encounter

9.3.2.5 Refracturing and Diversion

9.3.2.6 Isolation and Overlapping

9.3.2.7 Different Fracture Fluid

9.3.2.8 Different Completions

9.3.2.9 In-Treatment Well Monitoring

9.3.2.10 Permanent Monitoring

9.3.2.11 Geomechanics

9.3.2.12 Source Mechanism

9.3.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

9.3.3.1 Moment Magnitude Versus Distance

9.3.3.2 Depth Contribution

9.3.3.3 Fracture Complexity

9.3.3.4 Fracture Length and Well Spacing

9.3.3.5 S/P Ratio

9.3.3.6 b-Value and D-Value

9.4 CONCLUSIONS

APPENDIX

A.1 MICROSEISMIC TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT HISTORY

A.2 MICROSEISMIC PROCESSING METHODS.

A.3 TOOL DEPLOYMENT.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed December 04, 2015).

ISBN:

9780128025369

0128025360

9780128022382

0128022388