Ray geometrical optics / Virendra N. Mahajan.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Mahajan, Virendra N.

Contributor:

Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Series:

SPIE Press monograph ; PM45.

Optical imaging and aberrations ; pt. 1

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Aberration.

Imaging systems.

Geometrical optics.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (500 p.)

Place of Publication:

Bellingham, Wash. : SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1998.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

This book discusses the characteristics of a diffraction image of an incoherent or a coherent object formed by an aberrated imaging system. Numerical results in aberrated imaging have been emphasized to maximize the practical use of the material. This new, second printing includes a number of updates and corrections to the first printing. Beginning with a description of the diffraction theory of image formation, the book describes both aberration-free and aberrated imaging by optical systems with circular, annular, or Gaussian pupils. As in part I, the primary aberrations are emphasized. Their effects on Strehl, Hopkins, and Struve ratios are discussed in detail. The balanced aberrations are identified with Zernike polynomials appropriate for each type of system. Imaging in the presence of random aberrations is also discussed that includes the effects of image motion and propagation through atmospheric turbulence. Each chapter ends with a set of practical problems.

Contents:

Chapter 1: Gaussian optics

Introduction

Foundations of geometrical optics

Fermat's principle

Laws of geometrical optics

Optical path lengths of neighboring rays

Malus-Dupin theorem

Hamilton's point characteristic function and direction of a ray

Gaussian imaging

Sign convention

Spherical refracting surface

Gaussian imaging equation

Focal lengths and refracting power

Magnifications and Lagrange invariant

Graphical imaging

Newtonian imaging equation

Thin lens

Undeviated ray

Refracting systems

Cardinal points and planes

Gaussian imaging, focal lengths, and magnifications

Nodal points

Afocal systems

Spherical reflecting surface (spherical mirror)

Focal length and reflecting power

Paraxial ray tracing

Refracting surface

Two thin lenses

Thick lens

Reflecting surface (mirror)

Two-mirror system

Catadioptric system: thin lens-mirror combination

Two-ray Lagrange invariant

Matrix approach to paraxial ray tracing and Gaussian optics

System matrix

Conjugate matrix

System matrix in terms of Gaussian parameters

Gaussian imaging equations

References

Problems.

Chapter 2: Radiometry of imaging

Stops, pupils, and vignetting

Aperture stop, and entrance and exit pupils

Chief and marginal rays

Vignetting

Size of an imaging element

Telecentric aperture stop

Field stop, and entrance and exit windows

Radiometry of point sources

Irradiance of a surface

Flux incident on a circular aperture

Radiometry of extended sources

Lambertian surface

Exitance of a Lambertian surface

Radiance of a tube of rays

Irradiance by a Lambertian surface element

Irradiance by a Lambertian disc

Radiometry of point object imaging

Radiometry of extended object imaging

Image radiance

Pupil distortion

Image irradiance: aperture stop in front of the system

Image irradiance: aperture stop in back of the system

Telecentric systems

Throughput

Condition for uniform image irradiance

Concentric systems

Photometry

Photometric quantities and spectral response of the human eye

Imaging by a human eye

Brightness of a Lambertian surface

Observing stars in the daytime

Appendix: Radiance theorem

Chapter 3: Optical aberrations

Wave and ray aberrations

Definitions

Relationship between wave and ray aberrations

Defocus aberration

Wavefront tilt

Aberration function of a rotationally symmetric system

Rotational invariants

Power-series expansion

Explicit dependence on object coordinates

No explicit dependence on object coordinates

Zernike circle-polynomial expansion

Relationships between coefficients of power-series and

Zernike-polynomial expansions

Observation of aberrations

Primary aberrations

Interferograms

Conditions for perfect imaging

Imaging of a 3-D object

Imaging of a 2-D transverse object

Imaging of a 1-D axial object

Linear coma and the sine condition

Optical sine theorem

Linear coma and offense against the sine condition

Appendix A: Degree of approximation in eq. (3-11)

Appendix B: Wave and ray aberrations: alternative definition and derivation

Chapter 4: Geometrical point-spread function

Theory

Application to primary aberrations

Spherical aberration

Coma

Astigmatism and field curvature

Distortion

Balanced aberrations for minimum spot sigma

Spot diagrams

Aberration tolerance and golden rule of optical design

Chapter 5: Calculation of primary aberrations

Spherical refracting surface with aperture stop at the surface

On-axis point object

Off-axis point object

Aberrations with respect to Petzval image point

Aberrations with respect to Gaussian image point

Spherical refracting surface with aperture stop not at the surface

Aplanatic points of a spherical refracting surface

Conic refracting surface

Sag of a conic surface

General aspherical refracting surface

Series of coaxial refracting (and reflecting) surfaces

General imaging system

Petzval curvature and corresponding field curvature wave aberration

Relationship among Petzval curvature, field curvature, and astigmatism

Wave aberration coefficients

Aberration function in terms of Seidel sums or Seidel coefficients

Effect of change in aperture stop position on the aberration function

Change of peak aberration coefficients

Illustration of the effect of aperture-stop shift on coma and distortion

Aberrations of a spherical refracting surface with aperture stop not at the surface obtained from those with stop at the surface

Imaging relations

Thin lens with spherical surfaces and aperture stop at the lens

Petzval surface

Spherical aberration and coma

Aplanatic lens

Thin lens with conic surfaces

Thin lens with aperture stop not at the lens

Field flattener

Aberration function

Plane-parallel plate

Chromatic aberrations

Single refracting surface

General system: surface-by-surface approach

General system: use of principal and focal points

Chromatic aberrations as wave aberrations

Symmetrical principle

Pupil aberrations and conjuage-shift equations

Pupil aberrations

Conjugate-shift equations

Invariance of image aberrations

Simultaneous correction of aberrations for two or more object positions

Chapter 6: Calculation of primary aberrations: reflecting and catadioptric systems

Conic reflecting surface

Conic surface

Spherical mirror

Aberration function and aplanatic points for arbitrary location of aperture stop

Aperture stop at the mirror surface

Aperture stop at the center of curvature of mirror

Paraboloidal mirror

Catadioptric systems

Schmidt camera

Bouwers-Maksutov camera

Beam expander

Gaussian parameters

Aberration contributed by primary mirror

Aberration contributed by secondary mirror

System aberration

Two-mirror astronomical telescopes

Classical Cassegrain and Gregorian telescopes

Aplanatic Cassegrain and Gregorian telescopes

Afocal telescope

Couder anastigmatic telescopes

Schwarzschild telescope

Dall-Kirkham telescope

Astronomical telescopes using aspheric plates

Aspheric plate in a diverging object beam

Aspheric plate in a converging image beam

Aspheric plate and a conic mirror

Aspheric plate and a two-mirror telescope

Chapter 7: Calculation of primary aberrations: perturbed optical systems

Aberrations of a misaligned surface

Decentered surface

Tilted surface

Despaced surface

Aberrations of perturbed two-mirror telescopes

Decentered secondary mirror

Tilted secondary mirror

Decentered and tilted secondary mirror

Despaced secondary mirror

Fabrication errors

Reflecting surface

System errors

Error tolerance

Problems

Bibliography

Index.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

ISBN:

1-61583-706-X

0-8194-7879-2

OCLC:

819639397