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Fundamental optical design / Michael J. Kidger.
- Format:
- Book
- Author/Creator:
- Kidger, Michael J.
- Series:
- SPIE Press monograph ; PM92.
- SPIE Press monograph ; PM92
- Language:
- English
- Subjects (All):
- Geometrical optics.
- Physical Description:
- 1 online resource (312 p.)
- Place of Publication:
- Bellingham, Wash. : SPIE Press, c2002.
- Language Note:
- English
- Summary:
- This book provides all the essential and best elements of Kidger's many courses taught worldwide on lens and optical design. It is written in a direct style that is compact, logical, and to the point--a tutorial in the best sense of the word. "I read my copy late last year and read it straight through, cover to cover. In fact, I read it no less than three times. Its elegant expositions, valuable insights, and up-front espousal of pre-design theory make it an outstanding work. It's in the same league with Conrady and Kingslake." Warren Smith.
- Contents:
- Chapter 1. Geometrical optics
- Coordinate system and notation
- The rectilinear propagation of light
- Snell's law
- Fermat's principle
- Rays and wavefronts, the theorem of Malus and Dupin
- Stops and pupils
- Marginal and chief rays
- Entrance and exit pupils
- Field stops
- Surfaces
- Spheres
- Quadrics of revolution (paraboloids, ellipsoids, hyperboloids)
- Oblate ellipsoid
- The hyperbola
- Axicon
- References
- Chapter 2. Paraxial optics
- Paraxial rays
- The sign convention
- The paraxial region
- The cardinal points
- Principal points
- Nodal points
- Paraxial properties of a single surface
- Paraxial ray tracing
- Discussion of the use of paraxial ray trace equations
- The Lagrange invariant
- Transverse (lateral) magnification
- Afocal systems and angular magnification
- Newton's conjugate distance equation
- Further discussion of the cardinal points
- The combination of two lenses
- The thick lens
- System of several elements
- The refraction invariant, A
- Other expressions for the Lagrange invariant
- The eccentricity, E
- The determination of E
- Chapter 3. Ray tracing
- Introduction
- A simple trigonometric method of tracing meridian rays
- The vector form of Snell's law
- Definition of direction cosines
- Ray tracing (algebraic method)
- Precision
- Calculation of wavefront aberration (optical path difference)
- Ray tracing through aspheric and toroidal surfaces
- Decentered and tilted surfaces
- Ray tracing at reflecting surfaces
- References.
- Chapter 4. Aberrations
- The relationship between transverse and wavefront aberrations
- Ray aberration plots
- Spot diagrams
- Aberrations of centered optical systems
- First-order aberrations
- Defocus
- Lateral image shift
- The five monochromatic third-order (Seidel) aberrations
- Spherical aberration
- Coma
- Astigmatism and field curvature
- Distortion
- The finite conjugate case
- The infinite conjugate case
- The afocal case
- Effect of pupil aberrations and defocus on
- F-theta lenses
- Effect of a curved object on distortion
- Higher-order aberrations
- Balancing spherical aberration
- Balancing coma
- Balancing astigmatism and field curvature
- Balancing distortion
- Modulation transfer function (MTF)
- Theory
- The geometrical approximation
- Practical calculation
- The diffraction limit
- Chapter 5. Chromatic aberration
- Variation of refractive index, dispersion
- Longitudinal chromatic aberration (axial color) of a thin lens
- The Abbe V-value
- Secondary spectrum
- Transverse chromatic aberration (lateral color)
- The Conrady method for calculation of chromatic aberration
- Chromatic variation of aberrations
- Chapter 6. Seidel aberrations
- Seidel surface contributions
- Off-axis Seidel aberrations
- Alternative formula for distortion
- Aberrations of a plano-convex singlet
- First-order axial color and lateral color
- Summary of the Seidel surface coefficients
- A numerical example
- Stop-shift effects
- Derivation of the Seidel stop-shift equations
- Dependence of the Seidel aberrations on surface curvature
- The aplanatic surface
- An example: the classical oil-immersion microscope
- Objective
- Zero Seidel conditions
- "Undercorrected" and "overcorrected" aberrations
- Seidel aberrations of spherical mirrors
- Seidel aberration relationships
- Wavefront aberrations
- Transverse ray aberrations
- The Petzval sum and the Petzval surface
- The Petzval surface and astigmatic image surfaces
- Pupil aberrations
- Conjugate-shift effects
- Chapter 7. Principles of lens design
- Thin lenses
- Thin lens at the stop
- Astigmatism
- Field curvature
- Axial color
- Lateral color
- Discussion of the thin-lens Seidel aberrations
- Bending for minimum spherical aberration
- Effect of refractive index
- Effect of change of conjugates
- Correction of spherical aberration with two positive
- Lenses
- Correction of spherical aberration with positive and
- Negative lenses
- Seidel aberrations of thin lenses not at the stop
- Correction of coma
- Correction of astigmatism
- Correction of field curvature
- Different refractive indices
- Separated lenses
- Thick meniscus lens
- Reduction of aberrations by splitting lenses into two
- Seidel aberrations of a thin lens that is not at the stop
- Correction of axial and lateral color
- Shape-dependent and shape-independent aberrations
- Aspheric surfaces
- Third-order off-axis aberrations of an aspheric plate
- Chromatic effects
- The sine condition
- Sine condition in the finite conjugate case
- The sine condition with the object at infinity
- The sine condition for the afocal case
- Other design strategies
- Monocentric systems
- Use of front-to-back symmetry
- Chapter 8. Achromatic doublet objectives
- Seidel analysis
- Correction of chromatic aberration
- Comparison with the actual aberrations of a doublet
- Correcting both Petzval sum and axial color in doublets
- Possibilities of aberration correction in doublets
- The cemented doublet
- Optimization of cemented doublets
- Crown-first doublet
- Flint-first doublet
- The split doublet
- The split Fraunhofer doublet
- The split Gauss doublet
- General limitations of doublets
- Chapter 9. Petzval lenses and telephoto objectives
- Calculation of predicted transverse aberrations from Seidel
- Coefficients
- Optimization
- Examples
- Simple Petzval lens with two doublets
- Petzval lens with curved image surface
- Petzval lens with field flattener
- The telephoto lens
- Chapter 10. Triplets
- Seidel theory
- Example of an optimized triplet
- Glass choice
- Vignetting.
- Chapter 11. Eyepieces and afocal systems
- Eyepieces, design considerations
- Specification of an eyepiece
- Focal length
- Field angle
- Pupil diameter
- Exit pupil position ("eye relief")
- Aberration considerations
- Prism aberrations
- Pupil spherical aberration
- Special factors in optimization
- General comments on eyepieces
- Simple eyepiece types
- The Ramsden eyepiece
- The achromatized Ramsden, or Kellner, eyepiece
- The Ploessl eyepiece
- The Erfle eyepiece
- Afocal systems for the visible waveband
- Simple example of a complete telescopic system
- More complex example of a telescopic system
- Galilean telescopes
- Magnifiers
- Chapter 12. Thermal imaging lenses
- Photon detection
- 8- to 13- um waveband
- 3- to 5- um waveband
- Single-material lenses
- Single germanium lens
- Germanium doublets
- Plus-minus germanium doublet solution
- Plus-plus germanium doublet solution
- Germanium Petzval lens
- Germanium triplet
- Multiple-material lenses
- Infrared afocal systems
- The objective
- The eyepiece
- Optimization and analysis
- Other aspects of thermal imaging
- Narcissus effect
- Thermal effects
- Special optical surfaces
- Chapter 13. Catadioptric systems
- General considerations
- Reminder of Seidel theory, spherical aberration, S1
- Correction of field curvature, S4
- General topics relating to computations with catadioptric systems
- Baffles
- Simple examples
- Cassegrain telescope
- Field corrector for a Cassegrain telescope
- Coma corrector for a paraboloidal mirror
- Field corrector for a paraboloidal mirror
- The Ritchey-Chrétien telescope
- Field corrector for a Ritchey-Chrétien telescope
- Field corrector for a hyperbolic mirror
- Schmidt camera
- The achromatized Schmidt camera
- The field-flattened Schmidt camera
- The Maksutov-Bouwers Cassegrain system
- A simple Mangin mirror system by Wiedemann
- More complex examples
- Canzek Mangin system
- Mirror telephoto lens
- Index.
- Notes:
- Description based upon print version of record.
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
- ISBN:
- 1-61583-703-5
- 0-8194-7850-4
- OCLC:
- 435931523
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