Three-dimensional microfabrication using two-photon polymerization : fundamentals, technology, and applications / edited by Tommaso Baldacchini.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Baldacchini, Tommaso, editor.

Series:

Micro & nano technologies.

Micro & Nano Technologies Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Two-photon absorbing materials.

Microfabrication.

Polymerization.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (0 p.)

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, [Netherlands] : William Andrew, 2016.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Three-Dimensional Microfabrication Using Two-Photon Polymerization (TPP) is the first comprehensive guide to TPP microfabrication--essential reading for researchers and engineers in areas where miniaturization of complex structures is key, such as in the optics, microelectronics, and medical device industries.TPP stands out among microfabrication techniques because of its versatility, low costs, and straightforward chemistry. TPP microfabrication attracts increasing attention among researchers and is increasingly employed in a range of industries where miniaturization of complex structures is crucial: metamaterials, plasmonics, tissue engineering, and microfluidics, for example.Despite its increasing importance and potential for many more applications, no single book to date is dedicated to the subject. This comprehensive guide, edited by Professor Baldacchini and written by internationally renowned experts, fills this gap and includes a unified description of TPP microfabrication across disciplines.The guide covers all aspects of TPP, including the pros and cons of TPP microfabrication compared to other techniques, as well as practical information on material selection, equipment, processes, and characterization.Current and future applications are covered and case studies provided as well as challenges for adoption of TPP microfabrication techniques in other areas are outlined. The freeform capability of TPP is illustrated with numerous scanning electron microscopy images.- Comprehensive account of TPP microfabrication, including both photophysical and photochemical aspects of the fabrication process- Comparison of TPP microfabrication with conventional and unconventional micromanufacturing techniques- Covering applications of TPP microfabrication in industries such as microelectronics, optics and medical devices industries, and includes case studies and potential future directions- Illustrates the freeform capability of TPP using numerous scanning electron microscopy images

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

List of Contributors

Foreword: Here, a small step toward a grand vision

Introduction

References

1 - Laser Direct Writing for Additive Micro-Manufacturing

Chapter 1.1 - Laser-based micro-additive manufacturing technologies

1 - Beyond photolithography: direct-write microfabrication

2 - Introduction to nonlithographic microfabrication techniques

3 - Laser-based microfabrication

3.1 - Advantages of laser-based techniques for 3D microfabrication

3.2 - Laser micromachining

4 - Laser-based additive microfabrication

4.1 - Laser chemical vapor deposition

4.2 - Laser-induced forward transfer

5 - 2D microfabrication by LIFT

5.1 - Printing of functional materials

5.1.1 - LIFT of nanoinks

5.1.2 - LIFT of entire functional devices

5.2 - Printing of high-viscosity nanopastes for congruent transfers

5.3 - Printing of freestanding structures

6 - 3D microfabrication by LIFT

7 - Parallelizing the LIFT process

8 - Summary

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1.2 - Microstereolithography

1 - Introduction

2 - Rapid prototyping and stereolithography

3 - Improving stereolithography resolution

3.1 - Reducing the thickness of the layers

3.2 - Avoiding local degradations of the vertical resolution

3.3 - Improving the lateral resolution

4 - Microstereolithography techniques based on a scanning principle

5 - Microstereolithography techniques based on a projection principle

6 - Microstereolithography processes having a submicrometer resolution

6.1 - Two-photon microstereolithography

6.2 - One-photon under-the-surface microstereolithography

7 - Microfabrication with microstereolithography

7.1 - Microstereolithography components containing inserts

7.2 - Microstereolithography of composite materials.

7.3 - Microstereolithography components for biomedical applications

8 - Conclusions

Chapter 1.3 - Fundamentals of two-photon fabrication

2 - Nonlinear absorption

3 - Photoresists

4 - Direct fabrication in other materials

5 - Other strategies

Chapter 2 - Free radical photopolymerization of multifunctional monomers

2 - Polymerization stages and rate equations

3 - Effect of diffusional processes on propagation and termination steps

3.1 - Linear systems

3.2 - Cross-linking systems

4 - Effect of polymerization conditions on the polymerization kinetics

4.1 - Viscosity effect

4.2 - Oxygen effect

4.3 - Polymerization in the dark (postcuring effect)

5 - Effect of monomer functionality and structure

6 - Concluding remarks

Acknowledgment

Chapter 3 - Reaction mechanisms and in situ process diagnostics

2 - Initiation

2.1 - Threshold behavior

2.2 - Multiphoton absorption

2.3 - Excitation mechanisms

2.4 - Sample heating

3 - Polymerization

3.1 - Monomer conversion

3.2 - Oxygen inhibition

3.3 - Diffusion processes

3.4 - Polymerization kinetics

4 - Conclusions

Chapter 4 - Mask-directed micro-3D printing

2 - Conventional micro-3D printing systems

2.1 - General considerations

2.2 - Common sources and optics

2.3 - Translational elements

2.4 - Reagent considerations

2.5 - Limitations of conventional micro-3D printing

3 - Mask-directed micro-3D printing

3.1 - Mask-directed system basics

3.2 - Transition from physical to digital masks

3.3 - Extended MDML technologies: multifocal and long-scan approaches

4 - Conclusions and considerations toward the future

References.

Chapter 5 - Geometric analysis and computation using layered depth-normal images for three-dimensional microfabrication

2 - Background and related work

3 - Layered depth-normal images and related computational framework

3.1 - Layered depth-normal image

3.2 - A LDNI-based geometric computational framework

4 - Conversion between LDNIs and polygonal meshes

4.1 - Construction of LDNIs: from B-rep to LDNIs

4.2 - Contouring algorithm: from LDNIs to two-manifold polygonal meshes

5 - LDNI-based geometric operations

5.1 - LDNI-based uniform offsetting

5.2 - LDNI-based regulation operator

5.3 - LDNI-based Boolean operation

5.4 - Robustness enhancement

6 - Applications in 3D microfabrication and others

6.1 - Complex truss structure design and fabrication

6.2 - 3D model shelling and shrinkage compensation

6.3 - Tool path planning - 2D slicing and XY compensation

6.4 - Tool path planning - Z compensation

6.5 - Manufacturability analysis of 3D models

7 - Summary and outlook

Chapter 6 - Motion systems: an overview of linear, air bearing, and piezo stages

1 - Terminology

1.1 - Introduction

1.2 - Definitions

1.3 - Motion control coordinate system

1.4 - Resolution

1.5 - Minimum incremental motion

1.6 - Accuracy

1.7 - Repeatability

1.8 - Reversal error - backlash/hysteresis

1.9 - Runout of a linear stage - straightness/flatness

1.10 - Angular runout of a linear stage - pitch/yaw/roll

1.11 - Position stability

1.12 - Load capacity - centered/transverse/axial

1.13 - Stiffness - axial stiffness/angular stiffness

1.14 - Speed stability

1.15 - Mean time between failure

2 - Mechanical components

2.1 - Introduction

2.2 - Guide

2.2.1 - Linear ball bearings

2.2.2 - Linear roller bearings.

2.2.3 - Air bearings

2.2.4 - Flexures

2.2.5 - Kinematics

2.3 - Driving

2.3.1 - Lead screw

2.3.2 - Ball screws

2.3.3 - Ironcore linear motor

2.3.4 - Ironless linear motor

2.3.5 - Piezo drive

3 - Controller

3.1 - Some principal equations

3.2 - Trajectory

3.3 - Reading position

3.4 - Driver

3.5 - Corrector

3.6 - Mapping

3.7 - General considerations for laser micromachining

Chapter 7 - Focusing through high-numerical aperture objective

1 - Introduction of diffraction and optical imaging

2 - Focusing through high-NA objective: scalar optical fields

3 - Focusing through high-NA objective : spatially homogeneously polarized optical fields

4 - Focusing through high-NA objective: vectorial optical fields

5 - Focus engineering with vectorial optical fields

6 - Aberrations and mitigations

7 - Discussion and summary

Chapter 8 - Linewidth and writing resolution

2 - Linewidth

3 - Writing resolution

4 - Two-beam strategy

4.1 - General concept

4.2 - Mechanisms of polymerization inhibition

4.2.1 - Stimulated emission

4.2.2 - Triplet absorption

4.2.3 - Resolution augmentation through photoinduced deactivation

4.2.4 - Photoinhibition

5 - Diffusion-assisted approach

6 - Conclusions

Chapter 9 - Making two-photon polymerization faster

1 - Motivation for faster fabrication

2 - Typical speeds of current fabrication methods

3 - Chemical methods to increase speed

3.1 - Not all dosages are equal

3.2 - A wide dynamic range is critical for fast processing

3.3 - Custom initiators offer a wide dynamic range

3.4 - Role of thermal accumulation and avalanche ionization

3.5 - Conclusions

4 - Physical methods to increase speed

4.1 - Writing with multiple static beams.

4.2 - Writing with multiple dynamic beams

4.3 - Replication of microstructures by molding

4.4 - Conclusions

5 - Engineering methods to increase speed

5.1 - Fabrication using galvo mirrors

5.2 - Fabrication using 3D translation stages

5.3 - Conclusions

6 - The future of fast writing

Chapter 10 - Microstructures, post-TPP processing

2 - Chemical modification of fabricated polymer surfaces

2.1 - Single polymer functionalization

2.2 - Selective functionalization

3 - Double inversion

4 - Atomic layer deposition

5 - Electroplating template

6 - Pyrolysis

7 - Multiphoton-induced spatially resolved functionalization

Chapter 11 - A collection of microsculptures

12 - Applications

Chapter 12.1 - 3D micro-optics via ultrafast laser writing: miniaturization, integration, and multifunctionalities

2 - Optical materials

2.1 - Transmittance, refractive index, and extinction coefficient of polymers (SZ2080)

2.2 - Material resistance under light irradiation

3 - Micro-optical elements and components

3.1 - Miniature standard refractive optical elements

3.2 - Singular micro-optics

3.3 - Multifunctional and integrated optical components

4 - Toward GRIN micro-optics

4.1 - The need of control over the refractive index

4.2 - m-Raman measuring methodology

4.3 - Spatially selective modulation of refractive index by tuning DLW parameters

5 - Conclusions

Chapter 12.2 - Remotely driven micromachines produced by two-photon microfabrication

2 - Fabrication processes of metallized micromachines

3 - Fabrication of copper-coated micromachines

3.1 - Preparation of acrylic resin.

3.2 - Fabrication of 3D polymeric microstructures by two-photon microfabrication.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed December 3, 2015).

ISBN:

0-323-35405-X

0-323-35321-5