The science of armour materials / edited by Ian G. Crouch.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Crouch, Ian G, editor.

Series:

Woodhead Publishing in materials.

Woodhead Publishing in Materials

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Armor--Materials.

Armor.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (740 pages) : illustrations (some color), photographs.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, [Netherlands] : Elsevier, 2017.

Summary:

The Science of Armour Materials comprehensively covers the range of armor materials from steels and light alloys, through glasses and ceramics, to fibers, textiles, and protective apparel.The book also discusses aspects of analytical and numerical modeling, as well as laboratory-based high-strain rate testing and ballistic testing methodologies.

Contents:

Front Cover

The Science of Armour Materials

Related titles

Copyright

Contents

List of contributors

Introduction

Foreword

Preface

Forethought

1 - Introduction to armour materials

1.1 The operational environment

1.2 The threat

1.2.1 Small arms ammunition

1.2.1.1 Handgun bullets

1.2.1.2 Rifle bullets

High-velocity, lead-filled rounds

High-velocity, cored rounds

Armour-piercing rounds

1.2.2 High-velocity fragmentation

1.2.3 Stab and spike threats

1.2.4 Blast events and blast loadings

1.2.4.1 Air blast loading

1.2.4.2 Underbelly blast loading

1.2.4.3 Armour response

1.3 Terminal ballistics, impact dynamics and armour physics

1.4 Defeat mechanisms

1.5 Penetration mechanics and failure modes

1.5.1 Ductile hole formation

1.5.2 Plugging

1.5.3 Delamination

1.5.4 Discing

1.5.5 Conoidal fracture

1.5.6 Comminution

1.5.7 Radial cracking

1.5.8 Circumferential cracking

1.5.9 Spallation (including scabbing)

1.5.10 Fragmentation

1.6 Design of armour systems

1.6.1 Design of simple, elemental systems

1.6.2 Design of multilayered systems

1.6.3 The design process, design drivers and the role of mathematical modelling

1.6.4 Different armour systems for different applications

1.7 Revision of essential materials science

1.7.1 Metals

1.7.2 Polymers

1.7.3 Ceramics

1.7.4 Fibres and textiles

1.7.5 Structure-property-performance relationships

Acknowledgements

References

2 - Armour steels

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Brief history: from 'Little Willie' to 'Bushmaster'

2.1.2 Ferrous alloys generally (mild steels to cast irons)

2.2 Beneficial properties of armour steels

2.2.1 Microstructural aspects

2.2.1.1 Grain size and shape

2.2.1.2 Microsegregation of alloying elements.

2.2.1.3 Size and distribution of carbides

2.2.1.4 Size and shape of manganese sulphide stringers

2.2.1.5 Characteristics of martensite

2.2.1.6 Retained austenite

2.2.2 Hardness, strength and toughness

2.2.3 High strain rate effects

2.2.4 Fabricability

2.2.4.1 Effects of hot- and cold-rolling

2.2.4.2 Effects of welding

2.2.4.3 Effects of cutting

2.2.5 Cost and availability

2.3 Failure mechanisms and modes

2.3.1 Adiabatic shear

2.3.2 Brittle failure

2.3.3 Structural engineering failures

2.3.3.1 Cracking associated with welding

2.3.3.2 Fatigue cracking

2.3.3.3 Stress corrosion cracking

2.3.3.4 Delayed cracking

2.4 Grades of armour steels

2.4.1 Wrought homogeneous armours

2.4.2 Cast steel armours

2.4.3 Dual-hardness grades

2.4.4 Electroslag refining (ESR) grades

2.4.5 Research grades

2.4.5.1 Super bainitic steels

2.4.5.2 Flash bainitic steels

2.4.5.3 Twinning-induced plasticity steels

2.4.5.4 Transformation-induced plasticity steels

2.4.5.5 High-alloy, high-carbon steels

2.5 Armour specifications and standards

2.5.1 Wrought armour steels

2.5.2 Cast steel armours

2.5.3 Perforated steel armours

3 - Light alloys

3.1 General introduction

3.1.1 Brief history of the light alloys

3.1.2 Ballistic properties and specific failure modes

3.2 Aluminium alloys

3.2.1 Work-hardening grades

3.2.2 Age-hardening grades

3.2.3 Ballistic properties of different grades

3.2.4 Engineering issues

3.2.4.1 Stress corrosion cracking

3.2.4.2 Palliative treatments for SCC

3.2.4.3 Weldability

3.3 Titanium alloys

3.3.1 Ti-6Al-4V grades

3.3.2 Future titanium alloy armours

3.4 Magnesium alloys

3.4.1 Mg-3Al-1Zn alloys

3.4.2 Research grades

3.4.2.1 Alloys with rare earth additions.

3.4.2.2 Alloys with Al and Ca additions

3.4.3 Future alloy developments

3.5 Light alloy specifications and standards

3.5.1 Aluminium alloys

3.5.2 Titanium alloys

3.5.3 Magnesium alloys

4 - Laminated materials and layered structures

4.1 General introduction

4.1.1 Categories of laminated materials and layered structures

4.1.2 Design approaches, added value and creative thinking

4.2 Principles of laminates

4.2.1 Layers and interfaces

4.2.2 Characteristics of interlayers

4.2.3 Surface effects and coatings

4.2.4 Disrupter-absorber principles

4.2.5 The air gap

4.3 Objectives in designing laminated armours

4.3.1 Managing stress waves

4.3.2 Preventing plugging

4.3.3 Preventing discing

4.3.4 Providing support for a brittle material

4.4 Research into laminated armours

4.4.1 Laminated steels

4.4.2 Laminated light alloys

4.4.3 Hybrid laminates

4.5 Examples of laminated armours

4.5.1 Adhesively bonded aluminium laminates

4.5.2 NewSentry armour

a steel-composite laminate

4.5.3 An alumina-aluminium laminated armour

4.6 Conclusion

5 - Polymers and fibre-reinforced plastics

5.1 General introduction

5.1.1 Brief history: from spall liners to structural fibre-reinforced plastics (FRPs)

5.1.2 Energy-absorbing mechanisms and failure modes

5.2 Polymers and resins

5.2.1 Unreinforced polymers

5.2.2 Thermosetting resins

5.3 Reinforcing fibres for hard armour

5.3.1 Glass fibres

5.3.2 Carbon fibres

5.3.3 Aramid fibres

5.3.4 Polyethylene fibres

5.4 Woven fabrics for hard armours

5.4.1 Fabric style

5.4.2 Three-dimensional fabrics

5.4.3 Hybrid fabrics

5.5 Processing routes: general introduction

5.5.1 Platen pressing

5.5.2 High-pressure (HP) compression moulding.

5.5.3 Resin transfer moulding

5.5.4 Vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) processes

5.5.4.1 Case study: application of VARI in a composite armour system for the RAN

5.5.5 Diaphragm forming

5.5.6 Double diaphragm forming

5.5.6.1 Influence of fabric tow width and weave geometry on drapeability

5.5.6.2 Inter- and intra-laminate frictional constraints

5.5.6.3 Locking angle and the trellis effect

5.5.7 Double diaphragm deep drawing (D4) process

5.6 Armour products for personal protection

5.6.1 Thermoformed shields and visors

5.6.2 Hard armour plates (HAPs)

5.6.3 Combat helmets

5.6.3.1 History and evolution of combat helmets

5.6.3.2 Design considerations

Structural requirements

Ballistic requirements

5.7 Specifications and ballistic standards

5.7.1 Eyewear

5.7.2 Spall liners

6 - Fibres, textiles and protective apparel

6.1 General introduction to protective apparel

6.1.1 Personal body armour

6.1.2 Energy-absorbing mechanisms and failure modes

6.2 Technical fibres for ballistic fabrics

6.2.1 Brief history, from Kwolek to carbon nanotubes

6.2.2 Structure and properties of fibres

6.2.3 Silk fibres

6.2.4 Polyamide (nylon) fibres

6.2.5 Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) fibres

6.2.6 Polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibres

6.2.7 Research grade fibres

6.2.7.1 Polybenzazole fibres (PBO, PBT)

6.2.7.2 Poly{diimidazo pyridinylene (dihydroxy) phenylene}

PIPD

6.3 Technical textiles and ballistic fabrics

6.3.1 Woven fabrics

6.3.2 Nonwoven and noncrimp fabrics

6.3.3 Coated fabrics

6.3.4 Knitted fabrics

6.3.5 Felts

6.3.6 Fabrics coated with shear thickening fluid

6.4 Layered fabric structures

6.4.1 Stitched structures

6.4.2 Quilted structures

6.4.3 Hybrid structures

6.4.4 Three-dimensional structures

6.5 Soft armour inserts.

6.5.1 Introduction and general approach

6.5.2 General properties: edge effects

multistrike effects

6.5.3 Soft armour inserts for handgun protection

6.5.4 Soft armour inserts for stab and spike resistance

6.5.4.1 Very fine-woven fabrics

6.5.4.2 Laminated fabrics

6.5.4.3 Chain mail

6.5.4.4 Turtleskin, a proprietary product

6.6 Protective garments/apparel

6.6.1 Typical body armour systems

6.6.2 Trade-offs: weight versus mobility versus protection

7 - Glasses and ceramics

7.1 General introduction

7.1.1 Key properties and drivers

7.1.2 Energy-absorbing mechanisms and failure modes

7.2 Conventional glasses

7.3 Glass ceramics

7.4 Transparent crystalline ceramics

7.4.1 Microstructural and processing aspects

7.4.1.1 Crystal structure

7.4.1.2 Impurities

7.4.1.3 Porosity

7.4.1.4 Grain size control

7.4.1.5 Processing and sintering

7.4.1.6 Surface finishing

7.4.1.7 Thickness

7.4.2 Aluminium oxynitride

7.4.3 Magnesium aluminate spinel

7.4.4 Single-crystal aluminium oxide (sapphire)

7.4.5 Comparative ballistic properties

7.5 Monolithic ceramics

7.5.1 Aluminium oxides

7.5.2 Silicon carbides

7.5.3 Boron carbides

7.6 Manufacturing options and shaping methods

7.6.1 Shaping

7.6.1.1 Dry pressing

7.6.1.2 Wet powder processing

7.6.1.3 Slip casting

7.6.1.4 Reaction bonding or reaction sintering

7.6.1.5 Viscous plastic processing

7.6.1.6 Gelcasting and related techniques

7.6.2 Densification

7.6.2.1 Pressureless sintering

7.6.2.2 Hot pressing

7.6.2.3 Hot isostatic pressing

7.6.2.4 Spark plasma sintering

7.7 Polymer ceramics

7.7.1 Compositional effects and ballistic performance

7.8 Application of transparent armours to vehicle platforms

7.9 Application of opaque ceramics to vehicle platforms.

7.9.1 System variables.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on print version record.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

9780081007112

0081007116

OCLC:

959609645