Integrated solar fuel generators / edited by Ian D. Sharp, Harry A. Atwater and Hans-Joachim Lewerenz.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Sharp, Ian D., editor.

Atwater, Harry A., editor.

Lewerenz, Hans-Joachim, editor.

Series:

Research studies. Energy & environment series ; Number 22.

Energy and environment series ; Number 22

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Solar energy.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xix, 544 pages) : illustrations.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

London, England : Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019.

Summary:

This book describes the critical areas of research and development towards viable integrated solar fuels systems, the current state of the art of these efforts and outlines future research needs.

Contents:

Cover

Preface

Contents

Introduction and System Considerations

Chapter 1: Concepts of Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion and Fuel Generation

1.1 Introductory Remarks

1.2 Semiconductor Junctions and Dark Electrochemical Processes

1.2.1 Concept of the Classical Silicon Solar Cell

1.2.2 The Semiconductor-redox Electrolyte Contact

1.2.3 Dark Currents at the Semiconductor-electrolyte Boundary

1.2.4 The Role of Surface States at the Electrolyte Boundary

1.3 Semiconductor Junctions for Solar Energy Conversion

1.3.1 Overview of Junction Types

1.3.2 Junctions for Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion

1.4 Photocurrent Generation at Illuminated Semiconductor Junctions

1.4.1 Photon Absorption

1.4.2 Illuminated Rectifying Junctions

1.5 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

1.6 Tandem Junction Water Splitting Cells

1.7 New and Emerging Materials for Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion

1.8 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 2: Photo-electrochemical Hydrogen Plants at Scale: A Life-cycle Net Energy Assessment

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Methods

2.2.1 Modeling Approach

2.2.2 Uncertainty

2.2.3 Externally-supplied versus On-site Electricity

2.2.4 PEC Cell and Module Design

2.2.4.1 Active Cell Materials Energy

2.2.4.2 Active Cell Fabrication Energy

2.2.4.3 Inactive Component Materials Energy

2.2.4.4 Inactive Component Fabrication Energy

2.2.5 Balance of System (panel-, field- and facility-level) Design

2.3 Results

2.3.1 Re-use of Materials

2.3.2 Solar Concentration

2.3.3 Scale-up Analysis

2.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Electrocatalysis.

Chapter 3: Understanding the Effects of Composition and Structure on the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) Occurring on NiFeOx Catalysts

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Thermodynamics of Water Splitting

3.3 Catalysts for the OER

3.4 The Structure of FeNiOx

3.5 Identity of the Active Site in FeNiOx

3.6 Factors Affecting the OER Activity of NiFeOOH

3.7 Effects of Additives Other Than Fe on the OER Activity of NiMOx

3.8 Effects of Additive on the OER Activity of NiFeOx

3.9 Conclusions

Chapter 4: Surface Science, X-ray and Electron Spectroscopy Studies of Electrocatalysis

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Laboratory Based Methods for Surface Characterization

4.2.1 UHV-based Surface Science

4.3 Synchrotron-based in situ and operando Spectroscopy

4.3.1 Photon-in/photon-out Methods: Experimental Setup for operando Spectroscopy, X-ray Absorption, and High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy

4.3.1.1 Experimental Setup for operando Photon-in/photon-out Spectroscopy

4.3.1.2 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

4.3.1.3 High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy

4.3.1.4 Feasibility of High-energy XAS as operando Surface Analysis Tool

4.3.2 Ambient Pressure XPS

4.3.2.1 Methods: Tender X-ray APXPS

4.4 Summary and Outlook

Chapter 5: Evaluating Electrocatalysts for Solar Water-splitting Reactions

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Experimental Considerations

5.2.1 Cell Design

5.2.2 Auxiliary Electrode

5.2.3 Reference Electrodes

5.2.4 Working Electrode Material

5.2.5 Catalyst Deposition and Characterization

5.3 Catalyst Performance

5.3.1 Elemental Analysis

5.3.2 Catalytic Activity

5.3.3 Short-term Stability

5.3.4 Extended Stability

5.3.5 Faradaic Efficiency Measurements

5.3.6 Measuring Catalyst Surface Area

5.4 Benchmarking Catalyst Performance.

5.4.1 Primary Figure of Merit

5.4.2 Comparing Electrocatalytic Performance

5.5 Conclusions

Semiconductor Light Absorbers

Chapter 6: Heterojunction Approaches for Stable and Efficient Photoelectrodes

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Semiconductor-Electrolyte Interface in the Context of Chemical Conversion

6.2.1 Overview

6.2.2 Simple Picture of an Unpinned Semiconductor-Liquid Junction (SLJ)

6.2.3 Electrically Decoupled Photovoltaic and Catalyst

6.2.4 Heterojunction Design for Stability and Efficiency

6.3 JCAP Experimental Work

6.3.1 Photocathodes

6.3.2 Photoanodes

6.4 Summary and Outlook

Chapter 7: Artificial Photosynthesis with Inorganic Particles

7.1 Why Particles?

7.1.1 Photoreactors

7.2 Absorber Configurations

7.3 Stability

7.4 Ideal Limiting Solar-to-hydrogen (STH) Efficiency

7.5 Experimental Efficiencies

7.6 Mechanism of Water Splitting Photocatalysis

7.7 Free Energy of Photocatalysts

7.8 Light Absorption and Exciton Generation

7.9 Recombination

7.9.1 Auger Recombination

7.9.2 Shockley-Read-Hall Recombination

7.9.3 Surface Recombination

7.9.4 Radiative Recombination

7.9.5 Overall Lifetime

7.10 Charge Transport

7.11 Charge Separation

7.11.1 Junctions

7.11.2 Electric Dipoles

7.11.3 Ohmic Contacts

7.12 Charge Transfer Reactions at the Cocatalyst-Liquid Interface

7.13 Charge Transfer Reactions at Semiconductor-Liquid Interfaces

7.13.1 Controlling the Back Reaction

7.13.2 Photocorrosion

7.13.3 Electrolyte Effects and pH

7.13.4 Theoretical Modeling

7.13.5 Promising Absorber Materials

7.14 Conclusion

Chapter 8: Degradation of Semiconductor Electrodes in Photoelectrochemical Devices: Principles and Case Studies

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Requirements for Material Stability

8.2.1 Thermodynamic Aspects

8.2.1.1 Decomposition by Majority Carriers under Dark Conditions

8.2.1.2 Photo-induced Decomposition by Minority Carriers under Illumination

8.2.2 Kinetic Aspects

8.3 Degradation Mechanisms of Semiconductor Materials

8.3.1 Corrosion

8.3.2 Intercalation and Hydroxylation

8.3.3 Chemical Destabilization

8.4 Investigation of Material Instability

8.4.1 Cuprous Oxide

8.4.2 Titanium Dioxide

8.4.3 Bismuth Vanadate

8.5 Strategies for Improving Material Stability

New Materials and Components

Chapter 9: High Throughput Experimentation for the Discovery of Water Splitting Materials

9.1 Mission-driven Materials Discovery: Introduction and Strategies

9.1.1 High Throughput Screening for Specific Device Components and Operating Conditions

9.1.2 General Strategies for Constructing Experimental Screening Pipelines

9.2 Cross-cutting Capabilities: Materials Synthesis and Data Management

9.2.1 Inkjet Printing of Functional Metal Oxides

9.2.2 Combinatorial Physical Vapor Deposition

9.2.3 Thermal Processing

9.2.4 Data Management

9.3 Experimental Pipeline for Discovering OER Electrocatalysts

9.3.1 The Scanning Droplet Cell and Its Deployment for Electrocatalyst Discovery

9.3.2 Parallel Screening via Bubble Imaging

9.3.3 Screening Libraries with Unstable Catalysts

9.3.4 Materials Characterization for Electrocatalysts

9.4 Experimental Pipeline for Discovering Photoanodes

9.4.1 High Throughput Spectroscopy for Band Gap Screening

9.4.2 Colorimetry as a Parallel Screen

9.4.3 Photoelectrochemistry with the Scanning Droplet Cell.

9.4.4 Material Characterization of Photoanodes: Linking to Theory

9.5 Combining Materials and Techniques for Discovery of Integrated Materials

9.6 Lessons Learned and Future Prospects

Chapter 10: Membranes for Solar Fuels Devices

10.1 Transport Challenges in Membranes for Solar Fuels Devices

10.2 Membrane Materials and Structure

10.3 Commercial Membranes

10.4 Transport of Solutes in Membranes

10.5 Solute Sorption

10.6 Solute Diffusion

10.7 Water Sorption

10.8 Electrical Properties

10.9 Multicomponent Transport

10.10 Measurement of Transport Parameters in Membranes

10.11 Phenomena Affecting Transport: Physical Aging and Degradation

10.12 JCAP Membrane Research

10.13 Outlook for Membranes in CO2 Reduction Devices

List of Symbols

Devices and Modelling

Chapter 11: Prototyping Development of Integrated Solar-driven Water-splitting Cells

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Materials and Components

11.2.1 Selection and Design Consideration of Light Absorber Materials

11.2.1.1 Triple-junction Amorphous Silicon

11.2.1.2 Monolithic Tandem and Triple-junction Crystalline Silicon

11.2.1.3 Compound Semiconductor Multi-junction Photovoltaics

11.2.2 Selection and Design Consideration of Electrolytes

11.2.2.1 Electrolyte Effect on Transport Losses in a Device

11.2.2.2 Electrolyte Effect on the Stability of Semiconducting Light Absorbers

11.2.2.3 Electrolyte Effect on Catalytic Activity, Stability and Optical Transmittance

11.2.2.3.1 Effect of Unintentional Cation and Anion in Electrolyte on the Catalytic Activity

11.2.2.3.2 Electrolyte Effect on Activity and Stability

11.2.2.3.3 Electrolyte Effect on Light Absorption

11.2.2.3.4 Electrolyte Effect on Electrochromism of Electrocatalysts

11.2.3 Incorporation of Membrane Separators.

11.2.3.1 Mechanical Compression.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781523122943

1523122943

9781788015219

1788015215

9781788010313

1788010310

OCLC:

1057236208