Biomass gasification, pyrolysis and torrefaction : practical design and theory / Prabir Basu.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Basu, Prabir, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Biomass gasification.

Pyrolysis.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (584 pages)

Edition:

Third edition.

Place of Publication:

London, England : Academic Press, [2018]

Summary:

Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction, Third Edition, is enhanced with a new topic on processing and cleaning of product gas of gasification and a brief introduction to biomaterials, making it a versatile resource that not only explains the basic principles of energy conversion systems, but also provides valuable insight into the design of a complete biomass conversion systems. With a dedicated focus on the design, analysis and operational aspects of biomass gasification, pyrolysis and torrefaction, this edition offers comprehensive coverage of biomass in its gas, liquid or solid states in a single accessible source.The author provides many worked design problems, step-by-step design procedures and real data on commercially operating systems. Although the book carries the name 'biomass', the bulk of its content is also applicable to non-biomass fuels like coal, petcoke, municipal solid waste and others. This book will help engineers, scientists and operating personnel of biomass gasification, pyrolysis or torrefaction plants, gain better comprehension of the basics of biomass conversion.Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction, Third Edition, is enhanced with a new topic on processing and cleaning of product gas of gasification and brief introduction to biomaterials making it a versatile resource that not only explains the basic principles of energy conversion systems, but also provides valuable insight into the design of a complete biomass conversion systems. With a dedicated focus on the design, analysis, and operational aspects of biomass gasification, pyrolysis, and torrefaction, this edition of the book offers comprehensive coverage of biomass in its gas, liquid, or solid states in a single easy-to-access source. The author provides many worked out design problems, step-by-step design procedures and real data on commercially operating systems. Although the book carries the name 'biomass', the bulk of its content is also applicable to non-biomass fuels like, coal, petcoke, municipal solid waste and others. This book will allow professionals, such as engineers, scientists, and operating personnel of biomass gasification, pyrolysis or torrefaction plants, to gain a better comprehension of the basics of biomass conversion.- Features updates with the most recent research and technology- Expanded to include a new chapter on syngas purification- Contains step-by-step process flow diagrams, design data, conversion charts and numerical examples with solutions- Provides available research results in an easy-to-use design methodology- Examines the economic aspects of biomass conversion

Contents:

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1 - Introduction

1.1 - Biomass and Its Products

1.1.1 - Products of Biomass

1.1.1.1 - Chemical Industries

1.1.1.2 - Energy Industries

1.1.1.3 - Transport Industries

1.1.1.4 - Environmental Industries

1.2 - Biomass Conversion

1.2.1 - Biochemical Conversion

1.2.2 - Thermochemical Conversion

1.2.2.1 - Combustion

1.2.2.2 - Carbonization

1.2.2.3 - Pyrolysis

1.2.2.4 - Gasification

1.2.2.5 - Liquefaction

1.3 - Motivation for Biomass Conversion

1.3.1 - Renewability Benefits

1.3.2 - Environmental Benefits

1.3.2.1 - Carbon-Neutral Feature of Biomass

1.3.2.2 - Sulfur Removal

1.3.2.3 - Nitrogen Removal

1.3.2.4 - Dust and Hazardous Gases

1.3.3 - Sociopolitical Benefits

1.3.4 - Carbon Sequestration Potential

1.4 - Historical Background

1.5 - Commercial Attraction of Gasification

1.5.1 - Comparison of Gasification and Combustion

1.6 - Summary of Some Chemical Reactions

1.6.1 - Biomass Conversion

1.6.1.1 - Torrefaction

1.6.1.2 - Pyrolysis

1.6.1.3 - Combustion of Carbon

1.6.1.4 - Gasification of Biomass and Carbon

1.6.2 - Chemical Reactions in Some Synthesis Processes

1.6.2.1 - Syngas Production

1.6.2.2 - Methanol Synthesis

1.6.2.3 - Ammonia Synthesis

1.6.2.4 - Fischer-Tropsch Reaction

1.6.2.5 - Methanation Reaction

Symbols and Nomenclature

Chapter 2 - Economic Issues of Biomass Energy Conversion

2.1 - Introduction

2.1.1 - Renewable Energy Outlook

2.2 - Biomass Availability and Products

2.2.1 - Availability Assessment

2.2.1.1 - Energy Crop

2.2.1.2 - Biomass Cost

2.2.2 - Product Revenue From Biomass Conversion

2.2.2.1 - Energy Revenue

2.2.2.2 - Revenue From Chemicals.

2.2.2.3 - Revenue From Secondary Fuel Production

2.2.3 - Biomass Conversion Process Plant Equipment and Cost

2.2.4 - Biomass Collection System

2.2.5 - Preprocessing

2.2.6 - Gasifier Cost

2.2.7 - Torrefier Cost

2.2.8 - Pyrolyzer Cost

2.2.9 - Comparison of Capital Costs

2.3 - Financial Analysis

2.3.1 - Capital Cost Adjustment for Size and Time

2.3.1.1 - Scale-Up With Size

2.3.1.2 - Scale-Up With Time

2.3.2 - Capital Requirement

2.3.3 - Operation and Maintenance Cost

2.3.3.1 - Carrying Charge

2.3.3.2 - Revenue Requirement

Chapter 3 - Biomass Characteristics

3.1 - Introduction

3.2 - What is Biomass?

3.2.1 - Biomass Formation

3.2.1.1 - Photosynthesis Reaction

3.2.1.2 - Cellular Respiration

3.2.2 - Carbon cycle

3.2.2.1 - Carbon Accounting

3.2.2.2 - Carbon Sequestration

3.2.3 - Types of Biomass

3.2.3.1 - Lignocellulosic Biomass

3.2.3.2 - Crops and Vegetables

3.2.3.3 - Waste Biomass

3.3 - Structure of Biomass

3.3.1 - Structure of Wood

3.3.2 - Constituents of Biomass Cells

3.3.2.1 - Cellulose

3.3.2.2 - Hemicellulose

3.3.2.3 - Lignin

3.4 - General Classification of Fuels

3.4.1 - Atomic Ratio

3.4.2 - Relative Proportions of Lignocellulosic Components

3.4.3 - Ternary Diagram

3.5 - Properties of Biomass

3.5.1 - Physical Properties

3.5.1.1 - Densities

3.5.1.1.1 - True Density

3.5.1.1.2 - Apparent Density

3.5.1.1.3 - Bulk Density

3.5.1.1.4 - Biomass (Growth) Density

3.5.2 - Thermodynamic Properties

3.5.2.1 - Thermal Conductivity

3.5.2.2 - Specific Heat

3.5.2.3 - Heat of Formation

3.5.2.4 - Heat of Combustion (Reaction)

3.5.2.5 - Heating Value

3.5.2.6 - Ignition Temperature

3.6 - Composition of Biomass

3.6.1 - Ultimate Analysis

3.6.2 - Proximate Analysis.

3.6.2.1 - Volatile Matter

3.6.2.2 - Ash

3.6.2.3 - Moisture

3.6.2.3.1 - Basis of Expressing Moisture

3.6.2.3.2 - Fixed Carbon

3.6.2.3.3 - Char

3.6.3 - Thermogravimetric Analysis

3.6.4 - Bases of Expressing Biomass Composition

3.6.4.1 - As-Received Basis

3.6.4.2 - Air-Dry Basis

3.6.4.3 - Total Dry Basis

3.6.4.4 - Dry Ash-Free Basis

3.6.5 - Heating Value of Fuel

3.6.5.1 - Higher Heating Value

3.6.5.2 - Lower Heating Value

3.6.5.3 - Bases for Expressing Heating Values

3.6.5.4 - Estimation of Biomass Heating Values

3.6.6 - Stoichiometric Calculations for Complete Combustion

3.6.6.1 - Amount of Product Gas of Complete Combustion

3.6.6.2 - Composition of the Product of Combustion

3.6.7 - Composition of the Product Gas of Gasification

Subscripts

Chapter 4 - Torrefaction

4.1 - Introduction

4.2 - What is Torrefaction?

4.2.1 - Temperature

4.2.2 - Heating rate

4.2.3 - Ambience

4.2.4 - Pyrolysis, Carbonization, and Torrefaction

4.2.4.1 - Difference Between Carbonization, Pyrolysis, and Torrefaction

4.2.4.1.1 - Product Motivation

4.2.4.1.2 - Heating Rate

4.2.4.1.3 - Oxygen Concentration

4.2.4.1.4 - Process Temperature

4.3 - Carbonization

4.3.1 - Charcoal Fuel

4.3.2 - Activated Charcoal

4.3.3 - Biocoke

4.3.4 - Biochar

4.3.4.1 - Pore Surface Area

4.3.5 - Hydrochar

4.4 - Torrefaction Process

4.4.1 - Heating Stages of Dry Torrefaction

4.4.1.1 - Predrying

4.4.1.2 - Drying

4.4.1.3 - Postdrying Heating

4.4.1.4 - Torrefaction

4.4.1.5 - Cooling

4.4.2 - Mechanism of Torrefaction

4.4.3 - Effect of Design Parameters on Torrefaction

4.4.3.1 - Temperature

4.4.3.1.1 - Core Temperature Rise

4.4.3.2 - Heating Rate & Residence Time

4.4.3.3 - Biomass Type

4.4.3.4 - Feed Size.

4.4.4 - Predictive Model of Torrefaction

4.5 - Quality of Torrefaction

4.5.1 - Mass Yield

4.5.2 - Energy Density

4.5.3 - Energy Yield

4.6 - Physical Properties of Torrefied Biomass

4.6.1 - Density and Volume

4.6.2 - Grindability

4.6.2.1 Effect of Torrefaction Parameters on Grinding

4.6.3 - Hydrophobicity of Torrefied Biomass

4.6.3.1 - Why Biomass Becomes Hydrophobic After Torrefaction?

4.6.4 - Explosion Potential of Torrefied Dust

4.6.5 - Densification or Pelletization

4.6.5.1 - Untreated Biomass

4.6.5.2 - Torrefied Biomass

4.7 - Torrefaction Technologies

4.7.1 - Classification of Torrefaction Reactors

4.7.1.1 - Classification on Mode of Heating

4.7.1.1.1 - Directly Heated Reactors

4.7.1.1.2 - Convective Reactor (Moving/Fixed/Entrained Bed)

4.7.1.1.3 - Fluidized Bed

4.7.1.1.4 - Hydrothermal Reactor

4.7.1.1.5 - Indirectly Heated Reactors

4.7.1.1.6 - Rotating Drum

4.7.1.1.7 - Screw or Stationary Shaft

4.7.1.1.8 - Microwave

4.7.1.2 - Classification on Mode of Gas-Solid Mixing

4.8 - Design Methods

4.8.1 - Design of Torrefaction Plant

4.8.1.1 - Choice of Reactor Type

4.8.1.2 - Design Approach

4.8.1.2.1 - Design Input

4.8.1.2.2 - Mass and Energy Balance

4.8.1.2.3 - Dryer

4.8.1.2.4 - Torrefier

4.8.1.2.5 - Cooler

4.8.1.2.6 - Burner

4.8.1.2.7 - Unit Sizing

4.8.1.2.8 - Predrying Section

4.8.1.2.9 - Drying and Postdrying Sections

4.8.1.2.10 - Torrefier Section

Appendix: Mass and Energy Balance of Torrefier

Greek Symbols

Chapter 5 - Pyrolysis

5.1 - Introduction

5.1.1 - Historical Background

5.2 - Pyrolysis

5.2.1 - Pyrolysis Products

5.2.1.1 - Liquid

5.2.1.2 - Solid

5.2.1.3 - Gas

5.2.2 - Types of Pyrolysis

5.2.2.1 - Slow Pyrolysis

5.2.2.2 - Conventional Pyrolysis.

5.2.2.3 - Fast Pyrolysis

5.2.2.4 - Flash Pyrolysis

5.2.2.5 - Ultrarapid Pyrolysis

5.2.2.6 - Pyrolysis in the Presence of a Medium

5.3 - Pyrolysis Product Yield

5.3.1 - Effect of Biomass Composition

5.3.2 - Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature

5.3.3 - Effect of Heating Rate

5.3.4 - Effect of Particle Size

5.3.5 - Effect of Catalyst

5.4 - Pyrolysis Kinetics

5.4.1 - Physical Aspects

5.4.2 - Chemical Aspects

5.4.2.1 - Cellulose

5.4.2.2 - Hemicellulose

5.4.2.3 - Lignin

5.4.3 - Kinetic Models of Pyrolysis

5.5 - Heat Transfer in a Pyrolyzer

5.5.1 - Is Pyrolysis Autothermal?

5.5.2 - Mass Transfer Effect

5.6 - Pyrolyzer Types

5.6.1 - Fixed-Bed Pyrolyzer

5.6.2 - Bubbling-Bed Pyrolyzer

5.6.3 - CFB Pyrolyzer

5.6.4 - Ultrarapid Pyrolyzer

5.6.5 - Ablative Pyrolyzer

5.6.6 - Rotating-Cone Pyrolyzer

5.6.7 - Vacuum Pyrolyzer

5.6.8 - Solar Pyrolyzer

5.7 - Pyrolyzer Design Considerations

5.7.1 - Production of Liquid Through Pyrolysis

5.7.2 - Effect of catalyst on liquid production

5.8 - Biochar

5.8.1 - Potential Benefits of Biochar

Chapter 6 - Tar Production and Destruction

6.1 - Introduction

6.2 - Tar

6.2.1 - Acceptable Limits for Tar

6.2.1.1 - Direct Combustion Application

6.2.1.2 - IC Engine Application

6.2.1.3 - Syngas Application

6.2.1.4 - Level of Tar Production

6.2.2 - Tar Formation

6.2.3 - Tar Composition

6.2.3.1 - Primary Tar

6.2.3.2 - Secondary Tar

6.2.3.3 - Tertiary Tar

6.3 - Tar Reduction

6.3.1 - In Situ Tar Reduction

6.3.1.1 - Reduction Reactions

6.3.1.2 - Operating Conditions

6.3.1.2.1 - Temperature

6.3.1.2.2 - Reactor Pressure

6.3.1.2.3 - Residence Time

6.3.1.2.4 - Gasification Medium

6.3.1.3 - Tar Reduction by Catalysts in Fluidized-Bed Gasifiers

6.3.1.3.1 - Dolomite.

6.3.1.3.2 - Olivine.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on: online resource; title from pdf title page (Knovel, viewed June 4, 2020)

Other Format:

ebook version :

ISBN:

0-12-813040-7

0-12-812992-1