Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 1, Fundamentals / edited by J. Amber Jennings, Joel D. Bumgardner.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Jennings, J. Amber (Jessica Amber), editor.

Bumgardner, Joel D., editor.

Series:

Woodhead Publishing series in biomaterials ; Number 122.

Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials ; Number 122

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Chitosan--Biotechnology.

Chitosan.

Tissue engineering.

Chitosan--Therapeutic use.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (344 pages) : illustrations.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, Netherlands : Woodhead Publishing, 2017.

Summary:

Chitosan Based Biomaterials: Fundamentals, Volume 1, provides the latest information on chitosan, a natural polymer derived from the marine material chitin.Chitosan displays unique properties, most notably biocompatibility and biodegradability.

Contents:

Front Cover

Chitosan Based Biomaterials, Volume 1

Related titles

Chitosan Based Biomaterials: Volume 1: Fundamentals

Copyright

Contents

List of contributors

Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials

One - Fundamentals of chitosan for biomedical applications

1 - Fundamentals of chitosan for biomedical applications

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Production/processing of chitin and chitosan

1.2 Chemical and biological properties of chitosans

1.2.1 Chemical properties

1.2.2 Biological properties

1.3 Modification of chitosans

1.3.1 Chemical modifications of chitosan

1.3.1.1 Blending or chemical linkages of chitosan with synthetic biopolymers

1.3.1.2 Chemical grafting of chitosan

1.3.1.3 Enzymatic grafting of chitosan

1.4 Some chitosan derivatives

1.4.1 O- and N-carboxymethylchitosan

1.4.2 Quaternized chitosan

1.4.3 Sugar-modified chitosan

1.4.4 Alkyl chitosans

1.4.5 Carbohydrate-branched chitosan

1.4.6 Polyethylene-grafted chitosans

1.4.7 Cyclodextrin-linked chitosans

1.5 Biomedical applications of chitosan and chitosan derivatives

1.5.1 Chitosan and its derivatives in drug delivery applications

1.5.2 Chitosan and its derivatives in tissue engineering applications

1.5.3 Chitosan and its derivatives in enzyme immobilizations for biosensing

1.6 Conclusion and perspectives

References

2 - Antibacterial properties of chitosan

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Antibacterial activity

2.2.1 Antibacterial mechanisms of chitosan

2.3 Chitosan derivatives and their bactericidal activity

2.3.1 Graft polymerization of chitosan

2.3.2 Quarternization of chitosan

2.3.3 Carboxylated chitosan derivatives

2.3.4 Chitosan derivatives with sulfonyl groups

2.3.5 Chitosan hydrogels

2.3.6 Chitosan films

2.3.7 Chitosan nanoparticles

2.4 Concluding remarks.

References

3 - Immunological responses to chitosan for biomedical applications

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Whole blood responses to chitosan

3.3 Polymorphonuclear leukocyte responses to chitosan

3.4 Macrophage responses to chitosan

3.5 Studies of innate and cell-mediated immune response

3.6 Effect of macrophage polarization

3.7 Influencing macrophage activation

3.8 Adaptive immune responses to chitosan

3.9 Methods to assay chitosan responses in vitro using human macrophage-like cell cultures

3.9.1 Materials

3.9.2 Prepare frozen aliquots of specific reagents

3.9.3 Prepare cell culture medium

3.9.4 Differentiate THP-1 cells to macrophages in 100nM PMA

3.9.5 Differentiate U937 cells to macrophages in 100nM PMA

3.9.6 Combine chitosan material with differentiated macrophage cells

3.9.7 Endpoint analyses

3.10 Conclusions and future trends

List of abbreviations

Acknowledgments

4 - Characterization of chitosan matters

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Physical properties

4.3 Cellular interactions

4.4 In vivo studies using chitosan in bone implant and tissue engineering applications

4.5 Characterization methods

4.5.1 Procedure to determine ash content of chitosan materials

4.5.2 Procedure to determine residual protein content of chitosan materials

4.5.3 Procedure to determine endotoxin in chitosan materials

4.6 Conclusion

Two - Chemical and physical modification of chitosan-based biomaterials

5 - Deacetylation modification techniques of chitin and chitosan

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Deacetylation methods

5.2.1 Alkali treatment method

5.2.1.1 Experimental procedure

5.2.2 Alkali treatment using microwave technique

5.2.2.1 Experimental procedure

5.2.3 Enzymatic deacetylation

5.2.4 Steam explosion method.

5.3 Methods for determination of degree of deacetylation

5.3.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

5.3.2 1H-NMR spectroscopy

5.3.3 UV spectrophotometric analysis

5.3.4 Potentiometric titration

5.3.5 Acid-base titration

5.3.5.1 Experimental procedure

5.3.6 Elemental analysis

5.3.7 Capillary zone electrophoresis method

5.3.8 Raman spectroscopy

5.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

6 - Modifying the molecular weight of chitosan

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Merits of chitosan molecular weight modification

6.3 Methods of degradation of the molecular weight of chitosan

6.4 Mechanical degradation methods for modifying molecular weight

6.4.1 Shearing method

6.4.2 Ultrasonication method

6.4.3 Microfluidization method

6.5 Factors affecting degradation rate

6.5.1 Solution concentration

6.5.2 Reaction temperature

6.5.3 Type of solvent

6.5.4 Reaction time

6.5.5 Effect of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan used on degradation rate

6.6 Methods for increasing degradation rate

6.6.1 Use of concurrent ultrafiltration treatment

6.6.2 Use of the highest concentration solution

6.6.3 Two-stage microfluidization combined with ultrafiltration treatment

6.6.4 Combining shearing/ultrafiltration treatment at 50°C and ultrasonic or microfluidization/ultrafiltration treatment at 30°C...

6.7 Fractionation

6.7.1 Regeneration (precipitation)

6.7.2 Supercritical carbon dioxide

6.8 Summary

7 - Controlling chitosan degradation properties in vitro and in vivo

7.1 Background

7.2 Host response to degradable chitosan biomaterials

7.2.1 Hydrolysis (nonenzymatic)

7.2.2 Enzymatic degradation

7.2.3 Oxidative degradation

7.3 Effects of chitosan properties on degradation

7.3.1 Size and shape of implant

7.3.2 Degree of deacetylation.

7.3.3 Molecular weight

7.3.4 Weight percent and blends

7.3.5 Neutralization and cross-linking

7.4 Processing methods to reduce molecular weight

7.4.1 Enzymatic

7.4.2 Oxidative

7.4.3 High energy

7.4.4 Composites and postfabrication treatments

7.5 Experimental methods section

7.5.1 Enzymatic degradation

7.5.2 Oxidative degradation

7.5.3 Determination of molecular weight of polymer chains after degradation

7.5.4 Measuring degradation rate in vivo

7.6 Conclusions

Three - Production techniques for chitosan-based biomaterials

8 - Production of micro- and nanoscale chitosan particles for biomedical applications

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Chitosan micro- and nanoparticle preparation methods

8.2.1 Emulsification and covalent cross-linking

8.2.2 Emulsification and ionic cross-linking

8.2.3 Emulsification and solvent evaporation

8.2.4 Emulsion-droplet coalescence

8.2.5 Ionic gelation

8.2.6 Polyelectrolyte complexes

8.2.7 Precipitation method

8.2.8 Spray drying method

8.2.9 Electrospray ionization

8.2.10 Chemical modification

8.3 Conclusions

9 - Production of electrospun chitosan for biomedical applications

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Challenges and success in electrospinning of chitosan

9.2.1 Electrospinning working principle

9.2.2 Solution and rheological properties of chitosan

9.2.3 Electrospinning of pure chitosan

9.2.4 Electrospinning of chitosan with other polymers

9.2.5 Selection of solvents

9.2.6 Selection of chitosan salts

9.3 Production of electrospun nanofiber from chitin to chitosan

9.4 Fiber collections: random and aligned fibers

9.5 Physical-chemical properties of nanofibers

9.5.1 Strength of nanofibers

9.5.2 Cross-linking techniques

9.5.3 Microbial characteristics.

9.6 Biomedical application of chitosan fibers

9.6.1 Tissue engineering

9.6.2 Drug delivery

9.6.3 Wound dressing

9.6.4 Implant coatings

9.7 Fabrication method

9.7.1 Materials

9.7.1.1 Polymers and solvent

9.7.1.2 Fabrication

9.7.2 Methods

9.7.2.1 Solution preparation of PCL and chitosan

9.7.2.2 Preparation of 80/20 (PCL/LMW-CS) solutions

9.7.2.3 Electrospinning of polyblended PCL/LMW-CS solutions

9.8 Conclusion

10 - Lyophilized chitosan sponges

10.1 Background

10.2 Drug delivery

10.3 Tissue engineering

10.4 Basics of lyophilization

10.5 Experimental methods section

10.5.1 Fabricating lyophilized sponges

10.5.1.1 Chitosan solution preparation

10.5.1.2 Lyophilization

10.5.1.3 Optional neutralization and secondary lyophilization

10.5.1.4 Post-processing steps

10.6 Conclusions

11 - Production of chitosan coatings on metal and ceramic biomaterials

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Important chitosan properties for the generation of surface coatings

11.3 Methods to improve chitosan coating adhesion

11.3.1 Surface functionalization of substrates by silane-based treatment

11.3.2 Conversion coatings

11.3.3 Dielectric barrier discharge plasma

11.4 Methods of chitosan coatings on metals

11.4.1 Passive coating methods

11.4.1.1 Freeze-drying

11.4.1.2 Impregnation

11.4.1.3 Spread casting

11.4.1.4 Drop casting

11.4.1.5 Spin coating

11.4.1.6 Electrospinning

Reagents

Materials and equipment

Solution preparation

Electrospinning procedure

11.4.1.7 Electrospray deposition

11.4.2 Electrostatic methods

11.4.2.1 Layer-by-layer

Reactants

Concentrations of solutions needed to assemble polysaccharide layers

Procedure

11.4.2.2 Electrolytic deposition

11.4.2.3 Electrophoretic deposition.

11.5 Methods of chitosan coatings on ceramics.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed October 10, 2016).

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

9780081002575

0081002572

OCLC:

960165444