Hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs : theories, operations, and economic analysis / Hoss Belyadi, Ebrahim Fathi, Fatemeh Belyadi.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Belyadi, Hoss, author.

Fathi, Ebrahim, author.

Belyadi, Fatemeh, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Hydraulic fracturing.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (636 pages)

Edition:

2nd ed.

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, MA ; Oxford, United Kingdom : Gulp Professional Publishing, an imprint of Elsevier, [2019]

Summary:

Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs: Theories, Operations, and Economic Analysis, Second Edition, presents the latest operations and applications in all facets of fracturing.

Contents:

Front Cover

Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs: Theories, Operations, and Economic Analysis

Copyright

Contents

Author biography

Introduction

Chapter One: Introduction to unconventional reservoirs

Different types of natural gas

Natural gas transport

Unconventional reservoirs

Chapter Two: Advanced shale reservoir characterization

Pore-size distribution measurement of shale

Shale sorption measurement techniques

Shale porosity measurements

Pore compressibility measurements of shale

Shale permeability measurement techniques

Chapter Three: Shale initial gas-in-place calculation

Total gas-in-place calculation

Density of adsorbed gas

Recovery factor

Chapter Four: Multiscale fluid flow and transport in organic-rich shale

Multicontinuum modelling of shale reservoirs

Interfacial tension and capillary pressure

Wettability effects on shale recovery

Chapter Five: Hydraulic fracturing fluid systems

Slick water fluid system

Cross-linked gel fluid system

Hybrid fluid system

Foam fracturing

Foam quality

Foam stability

Tortuosity

Typical slick water frac steps

Acidization stage

Pad stage

Proppant stage

Flush stage

Frac fluid selection summary

Chapter Six: Proppant characteristics and application design

Sand

Precured resin-coated sand

Curable resin-coated sand

Intermediate-strength ceramic proppant

Lightweight ceramic proppant

High-strength proppant

Proppant size

100 Mesh

40/70 Mesh

30/50 Mesh

20/40 Mesh

Proppant characteristics

Proppant particle-size distributions

Proppant transport and distribution in hydraulic fracture

Fracture conductivity

Dimensionless fracture conductivity.

International Organization for Standardization conductivity test

Non-Darcy flow

Multiphase flow

Reduced proppant concentration

Gel damage

Cyclic stress

Fines migration

Time degradation

Finite vs infinite conductivity

Chapter Seven: Unconventional reservoir development footprints

Casing selection

Conductor casing

Surface casing

Intermediate casing

Production casing

Hydraulic fracturing and aquifer interaction

Hydraulic fracturing and fault reactivation

Hydraulic fracturing and low-magnitude earthquakes

Chapter Eight: Hydraulic fracturing chemical selection and design

Friction reducer

FR flow loop test

Pipe friction pressure

Reynolds number

Relative roughness of pipe

FR breaker

Biocide

Scale inhibitor

Linear gel

Gel breaker

Buffer

Cross-linker

Surfactant

Iron control

Chapter Nine: Fracture pressure analysis and perforation design

Pressure (psi)

Hydrostatic pressure (psi)

Hydrostatic pressure gradient (psi/ft)

Instantaneous shut-in pressure (psi)

Fracture gradient (psi/ft)

Bottom-hole treating pressure (psi)

Total friction pressure (psi)

Pipe friction pressure (psi)

Perforation friction pressure (psi)

Open perforations

Perforation efficiency

Perforation design

Numbers of holes (perfs) and limited entry technique

Perforation diameter and penetration

Perforation erosion

Near-wellbore friction pressure

Fracture extension pressure

Closure pressure

Procedure

Net pressure

Surface-treating pressure (psi)

Production casing design

Rate step-down test workflow:

Rate step down test example

Chapter Ten: Fracture treatment design

Absolute volume factor (AVF, gal/lbs)

Dirty (slurry) vs clean frac fluid.

Slurry (dirty) density (ppg)

Stage fluid clean volume (BBLs)

Stage fluid slurry (dirty) volume (BBLs)

Stage proppant (lbs)

Sand per foot (lb/ft)

Water per foot

Sand-to-water ratio (SWR, lb/gal)

Slick water frac schedule

Foam frac schedule and calculations

Foam volume

Nitrogen volume

Blender sand concentration

Slurry factor (SF)

Clean rate (no proppant)

Clean rate (with proppant)

Slurry rate (with proppant)

Nitrogen rate (with and without proppant)

Chapter Eleven: Horizontal well multistage completion techniques

Conventional plug and perf

Composite bridge (frac) plug

Stack fracing

Zipper fracing

Simultaneous frac

Sliding sleeve

Sliding sleeve advantages

Sliding sleeve disadvantages

Toe sleeve/valve

Single-entry-point frac sleeve

Multientry-point frac sleeve

Hybrid design

Frac stage spacing (plug-to-plug spacing)

Shorter stage length

Why does SSL not work everywhere?

Cluster spacing

Refrac overview

Chapter Twelve: Completions and flowback design evaluation in relation to production

Landing zone

Stage spacing

Number of perforations, entry-hole diameter, and perforation phasing

Sand and water per foot

Proppant size and type

Bounded vs unbounded (inner vs outer)

Up dip vs down dip

Well spacing

Water quality

Flowback design

Flowback equipment

Choke manifold

Sand trap

High-stage separator

Low-stage separator

Flare stack

Oil tanks (upright tanks)

Flowback equipment spacing guidelines

Tubing analysis

Chapter Thirteen: Rock mechanical properties and in situ stresses

Young's modulus (psi)

Poisson's ratio (nu)

Fracture toughness (psi/ in)

Brittleness and fracability ratios.

Vertical, minimum horizontal, and maximum horizontal stresses

Vertical stress

Minimum horizontal stress

Biot's constant (poroelastic constant)

Biot's constant estimation

Maximum horizontal stress

Various stress states

Fracture orientation

Transverse fractures

Longitudinal fractures

Chapter Fourteen: Diagnostic fracture injection test

Typical DFIT procedure

DFIT data recording and reporting

Before-closure analysis

Square root plot

Log-log plot (log (BH ISIP-BHP) Vs log (time))

G-function analysis

Fluid leak-off regimes on G-function plot

Pressure-dependent leak-off

Dealing with PDL

Height recession leak-off

Identifying height recession leak-off

Dealing with height recession leak-off

Tip extension

Identifying and dealing with tip extension leak-off

Effective permeability estimation from G-function plot

After-closure analysis

Horner plot (one method of ACA)

Linear flow-time function vs bottom-hole pressure (another method of ACA)

Radial flow-time function vs BHP (another method of ACA)

Chapter Fifteen: Numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing propagation

Stratigraphic and geological structure modeling

Development of hydraulic fracturing simulators

2D hydraulic fracturing models

Fluid flow in hydraulic fractures

Solid elastic response

Pseudo-3D hydraulic fracturing models

3D hydraulic fracturing models

Hydraulic and natural fracture interactions

Hydraulic fracture stage merging and stress shadow effects

Chapter Sixteen: Operations and execution

Water sources

Water storage

Water delivery

Hydration unit (``hydro´´)

Blender

Sand master (sand mover, sand king, or sand castle)

T-belt

Sand screws

Chemical injection ports

Densometer (``denso´´)

Missile.

Frac manifold (isolation manifold)

Frac van (control room)

Overpressuring safety devices

Pressure transducer

Check valves and manual valves

Water coordination

Sand coordination

Chemical coordination

Stage treatment

Tips for flowback after screening out

Postscreen-out injection test

Frac wellhead

Tubing head (B section)

Lower master valve (last resort valve)

Hydraulic valve

Flow cross

Manual valve (upper master valve, frac valve, swab valve, top valve)

Frac head (goat head)

Chapter Seventeen: Decline curve analysis

Decline curve analysis

Anatomy of decline curve analysis

Instantaneous production

Nominal decline (Di)

Effective decline (De)

Hyperbolic exponent (b)

Shape of the decline curve

Unsteady (transient flow) state period

Late transient period

Pseudosteady state (boundary-dominated flow)

Primary types of decline curves

Exponential decline

Hyperbolic decline

Harmonic decline

Modified hyperbolic decline curve (hybrid decline)

Other DCA techniques

Arps decline curve equations for estimating future volumes

Exponential decline equations

Hyperbolic decline equations

Multisegment decline

Pressure normalized rate

Chapter Eighteen: Economic evaluation

Net cash-flow model

Royalty

Working interest

Net revenue interest

British thermal unit content

Shrinkage factor

Operating expense

Total Opex per month

Severance tax

Ad valorem tax

Net Opex

Revenue

New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX)

Henry Hub and basis price

Cushing Hub and West Texas Intermediate (WTI)

Mont Belvieu and Oil Price Information Services (OPIS)

Capital expenditure (CAPEX)

Opex, Capex, and pricing escalations

Profit or net cash flow (NCF).

Before federal income tax monthly undiscounted net cash flow.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

9780128176658

0128176652

9780128176665

0128176660

OCLC:

1108534392