Underground sensing : monitoring and hazard detection for environment and infrastructure / edited by Sibel Pamukcu, Liang Cheng.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Pamukcu, Sibel, editor.

Cheng, Liang, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Underground construction--Safety measures.

Underground construction.

Underground utility lines--Safety measures.

Underground utility lines.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (505 pages)

Place of Publication:

London, [England] : Academic Press, 2018.

Summary:

Underground Sensing: Monitoring and Hazard Detection for Environment and Infrastructure brings the target audience the technical and practical knowledge of existing technologies of subsurface sensing and monitoring based on a classification of their functionality. In addition, the book introduces emerging technologies and applications of sensing for environmental and geo-hazards in subsurface - focusing on sensing platforms that can enable fully distributed global measurements. Finally, users will find a comprehensive exploration of the future of underground sensing that can meet demands for preemptive and sustainable response to underground hazards.New concepts and paradigms based on passively powered and/or on-demand activated, embeddable sensor platforms are presented to bridge the gap between real-time monitoring and global measurements.- Presents a one-stop-shop reference for underground sensing and monitoring needs that saves valuable research time- Provides application cases for all technologies that are covered and described in detail- Includes full, four color images of equipment and applications- Designed to cover a wide variety of underground sensors, from agriculture to geohazards

Contents:

Front Cover

Underground Sensing

Copyright

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

1 Introduction and Overview of Underground Sensing for Sustainable Response

1.1 Underground Sensing for Environmental, Economic, and Social Sustainability

1.2 Sustainability and Indicators

1.3 Overview of Underground Sensing and Monitoring

1.3.1 Current Technologies for Underground Environmental and Geotechnical Monitoring

1.3.2 Environmental Underground Sensing and Monitoring

1.3.2.1 Overview

1.3.2.2 Wireless Underground Sensors and Networks

Precision Agriculture

Soil Water Distribution

Plumes and Groundwater

Land ll Gas

Pipeline Leakage

1.3.3 Geotechnical Underground Sensing and Monitoring

Pipelines

Mines and Underground Spaces

Piles

Tunnel

Hybrid Other Applications

References

2 Acoustic, Electromagnetic and Optical Sensing and Monitoring Methods

2.1 Principles of Acoustic and Electromagnetic Sensing

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.1.1 Conventional Underground Measurement Methods

2.1.1.1.1 Physical Field Methods

2.1.1.1.2 Acoustic Methods

2.1.1.1.3 Electrical and Electromagnetic Wave Methods

2.1.1.2 Conventional Devices Used for Underground Measurements

2.1.2 Acoustical Measurement Methods-AMM

2.1.2.1 Direct Detection Method

2.1.2.2 Acoustic Emission (AE) and Acoustic Source Location (ASL) Method

2.1.2.3 Re ection Seismology

2.1.2.4 Acoustic-to-Seismic (A/S) Coupling

2.1.3 Electric and Electromagnetic Methods

2.1.3.1 Electrical Resistivity Surveys (ERS)

2.1.3.2 Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) Method

2.1.3.3 Ground-Penetrating Radar

2.1.4 Optical Sensing Technologies Used in Underground Measurement

2.1.4.1 Vibration Measurement

2.1.4.1.1 Principles of Fiber Optic Vibration Sensing

2.1.4.1.2 Distributed Sensing of Vibration.

2.1.4.1.3 Remote Sensing With Laser Doppler Technology

2.1.4.2 Strain/Stress Measurement

2.1.4.2.1 FBG for Strain Sensing

2.1.4.2.2 BOTDR for Strain/Stress Sensing

2.1.4.3 Temperature Measurement

2.1.4.3.1 FBG for Temperature Sensing

2.1.4.3.2 Raman Scattering Based Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensing

2.1.4.4 Gas Detection

2.1.4.5 Examples of Practical Applications of Optical Sensor Technologies in Underground Measurements

2.1.4.5.1 Earthquake Observation

2.1.4.5.2 Mineral Exploration

2.1.4.5.3 Underground Pipeline Monitoring

2.1.4.5.4 Geological Disaster Warning

2.1.4.5.5 Coal Mine Safety Monitoring

2.1.5 Conclusions

2.2 GPR Technologies for Underground Sensing

2.2.1 Introduction to Ground Penetrating Radar

2.2.2 Operating Mechanism of GPR

2.2.2.1 GPR Signal Propagation in Dielectric Materials

2.2.2.2 GPR Sensing Resolution

Range Resolution

Cross-Range Resolution

2.2.3 GPR System Design

2.2.3.1 Pulse Generator

2.2.3.2 GPR Antenna

Element Antenna

Frequency Independent Antenna

TEM Horn Antenna

2.2.4 GPR Image Processing

2.2.4.1 Vibration Effect Correction

2.2.4.2 Radio-Frequency Interference Reduction

2.2.4.3 Clutter Removal

2.2.4.4 Feature Extraction

2.2.4.5 Statistical Analysis for Singular Feature Detection

Other GPR Design Technologies

3 Geotechnical Underground Sensing and Monitoring

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Monitoring Strain

3.2.1 Vibrating Wire (VW) Strain Gages

3.2.1.1 Operating Principle of VW Gages

3.2.1.2 Commercial Vibrating Wire Strain Gages

3.2.2 Foil Strain Gages

3.2.2.1 Operating Principle of Foil Gages

3.2.2.2 Commercial Foil Strain Gages

Gage Series

Self-Temperature Compensation

Gage Pattern

Gage Length

Gage Resistance

Options.

3.2.2.3 Surface Preparation for Foil Strain Gages

3.2.2.4 Bonding of Foil Strain Gages

3.2.2.5 Attaching Lead-wires and Protection of Foil Strain Gages

3.2.2.6 Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

3.2.2.7 Optimizing the Excitation of Foil Strain Gages

3.2.3 Fiber-Optic Strain Gages

3.2.4 Installation of Strain Gages

3.3 Monitoring Load

3.3.1 Electric Load Cells

3.3.2 Hydraulic Load Cells

3.3.3 Osterberg Load Cells

3.4 Monitoring Pressure

3.4.1 Monitoring of Piezometric Pressure

3.4.1.1 Pressure Terminology

3.4.1.2 Piezometric Measurements

3.4.1.3 Piezometric Pressure Transducers

3.4.1.4 Pneumatic Piezometers

3.4.1.5 Piezometric Time Lag

3.4.2 Monitoring of Total Stress (Total Earth Pressure)

3.5 Monitoring Deformation

3.5.1 Manual Methods

3.5.2 Linear Potentiometers

3.5.3 LVDT

3.5.4 Vibrating Wire Joint Meters

3.5.5 Rod Extensometers

3.5.6 Probe Extensometers

3.5.7 Slope Extensometers

3.5.8 Liquid Level Gages

3.5.9 Optical Methods

3.6 Monitoring Tilt

3.6.1 Measurement of Tilt

3.6.1.1 Electrolytic Tilt Sensors

3.6.1.2 Accelerometric Tilt Sensor

3.6.1.3 Vibrating Wire Tilt Sensors

3.6.1.4 MEMS Based Tilt Sensors

3.6.2 Tilt Beams

3.6.3 Inclinometers

3.6.3.1 Traversing Inclinometers

3.6.3.2 In-place Inclinometers

3.6.3.3 Shape Accelerometer Arrays (SAA)

3.7 Monitoring Vibration

3.7.1 Sensors for Monitoring Vibration

3.7.1.1 Geophones

3.7.1.2 Accelerometers

3.7.1.3 Microphones

3.7.1.4 Proximity Sensors

3.7.2 Installation of Geophones and Accelerometers

3.8 Common Measurement Errors

3.8.1 Notation

3.8.2 Conformance

3.8.3 Electric Noise

3.8.4 Drift

3.8.5 Signal Aliasing

3.8.6 Bias (Systematic) Errors

3.8.7 Precision (Random) Errors

3.8.8 Sampling Errors

3.8.9 Gross Errors

3.9 Sensor Speci cations.

3.9.1 Range

3.9.2 Sensitivity

3.9.3 Resolution

3.9.4 Linearity

3.9.5 Hysteresis

3.9.6 Precision (Repeatability)

3.9.7 Accuracy

3.10 Closing Comment

Further Reading

4 Environmental Underground Sensing and Monitoring

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Overview of Conventional and Transitional Environmental Sensors

4.3 Wireless Sensor Networks for Environmental Sensing Applications

4.3.1 Background and Current State-of-the-Art

4.3.2 Recent Advances in WSN Hardware Suitable for Underground Environmental Applications

4.4 Fundamentals of WSN Supporting Environmental Applications: Advances and Open Issues

4.4.1 Sensor Network Deployment

4.4.2 Virtual Sensor Networks

4.4.3 Reliable Sensor Data Collection

4.5 Wireless Sensor Networks for Long-Term Monitoring of Contaminated Sites

4.5.1 WSN for Underground Plume Monitoring

4.5.2 Integrating WSN to Transport Models

4.5.3 Network Optimization

4.6 Wireless Sensor Networks for Remediation of Sites Contaminated With Organic Wastes

4.7 Wireless Sensor Networks for Carbon Leakage

4.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

5 EM-Based Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Soil as a Communication Media

5.3 Propagation in the Underground Channel

5.3.1 Two-Wave UG Channel Model

5.3.2 Three-Wave UG Channel Model

Direct Wave

Reflected Wave

Lateral Wave

5.3.3 Impulse Response Analysis of the UG Channel

Metrics for Impulse Response Characterization

5.3.4 Testbed Design for Impulse Response Parameters Analysis

5.3.5 UG Channel Impulse Response Parameters

5.3.5.1 Impact of Soil Moisture Changes on Impulse Response

5.3.5.2 Impact of Soil Texture

5.3.5.3 Impact of Operation Frequency

5.3.6 Impulse Response Model Validation Through Experiments.

5.4 Effects of Soil on Antenna and Channel Capacity

Resonant Frequency of the UG Antenna

Bandwidth of the UG Antenna

Channel Capacity

5.5 Error Control

Energy Ef ciency of FEC Codes

Transmit Power Control

5.6 Network Connectivity

Modeling Cluster Size Distribution in WUSN

Communication Coverage Model

WUSN Connectivity

Energy Consumption Analysis

Routing Using Neighbor Node

A New Connectivity Approach

5.7 WUSN Testbeds and Experimental Results

5.7.1 Field Testbed

5.7.2 Results of WUSN Experiments

Aboveground Experiments

Software-De ned Radio Experiments

5.8 Conclusions

6 Fiber-Optic Underground Sensor Networks

6.1 Distributed Fiber-Optic Strain Sensing for Monitoring Underground Structures - Tunnels Case Studies

6.1.1 Introduction

6.1.2 Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing (DFOS) Based on Brillouin Scattering

Basic Principle

BOTDR and BOTDA

Temperature Compensated Strain

Thermal Expansion of Concrete

Cables

6.1.3 Case Study 1: Monitoring of a Sprayed Concrete Tunnel Lining at the Crossrail Liverpool Street Station

Project Background

Distributed Fiber-Optic Strain Sensor Installation

Monitoring Regime and Data Analysis

Results and Discussion

6.1.4 Case Study 2: Liverpool Street Station - Royal Mail Tunnel

Results and Discussion: Cross-Sectional Behavior

Results and Discussion: Longitudinal Behavior

Conclusions

6.1.5 Case Study 3: Monitoring of CERN Tunnels

Project Background &amp

Aim of Monitoring

Installation of Fiber-Optic Sensors &amp

Planned Monitoring Scheme

Current Monitoring Data

Conclusions &amp

Future Work

6.2 Fiber-Optic Sensor Networks: Environmental Applications

6.2.1 Introduction.

6.2.2 Fiber-Optic Devices for Sensing.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed November 22, 2017).

ISBN:

9780128031544

0128031549

9780128031391

0128031395