Applied underwater acoustics / Leif Bjørnø ; edited by Thomas H. Neighbors, David Bradley.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bjørnø, Leif, author.

Contributor:

Neighbors, Thomas H., III, editor.

Bradley, David, editor.

ScienceDirect (Online service)

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Underwater acoustics.

Waves.

Ambient sounds.

Physical Description:

1 online resource : illustrations

polychrome

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier, 2017.

System Details:

text file

Summary:

Applied Underwater Acoustics provides both an introductory course book for graduate students and an easily accessible working reference for scientists and engineers across the entire field of underwater acoustics. Chapters are structured to provide the basis for rapidly assimilating the essential, underwater acoustic knowledge base for practical application to daily research and analysis. Each chapter of the book is self-supporting, beginning with a succinct description of a single topic in underwater acoustics, followed by a physical and phenomenological explanation. Topics covered include, Oceanography, Sound Propagation, Sound Propagation Modeling, Absorption of Sound, Sound Scattering, Ambient Noise, Shallow Water Sound Propagation, Sea Floor and Sea Surface, Tomography and Inversion, Sonar Systems, Signal Processing, Bio- and Fishery Acoustics, Finite-Amplitude Waves, Chapters are written by recognized experts in their Individual field and were assembled by Leif Bjørnø, a world-renowned researcher in ultrasonics and underwater acoustics whose career spanned five decades. Book jacket.

Contents:

Chapter 1 General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment / L. Bjørnø Bjørnø, L., M.J. Buckingham Buckingham, M.J. 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 A Brief Exposition of the History of Underwater Acoustics 5

1.3 International Standard Units 15

1.4 The Decibel Scales 16

1.5 Features of Oceanography 18

1.6 Sonar Equations 66

1.7 Abbreviations 75

Acknowledgment 76

References 76

Chapter 2 Sound Propagation / M.J. Buckingham Buckingham, M.J. 85

2.1 The Concept of Waves 85

2.2 Sound Propagation in a Viscous Fluid 107

2.3 Sound Waves and Shear Waves in Marine Sediments 117

2.4 Source or Receiver in Motion 128

2.5 Sound Reflection and Transmission at a Fluid-Fluid Boundary 136

2.6 The "Ideal" Waveguide 156

2.7 The Pekeris Channel 162

2.8 Three-Dimensional Propagation 170

Acknowledgment 180

References 180

Chapter 3 Sound Propagation Modeling / S. Ivansson Ivansson, S. 185

3.1 Ray Models 188

3.2 Wave Number Integration or Spectral Methods 196

3.3 Normal Mode Propagation Models 208

3.4 Parabolic Equation Methods 225

3.5 Finite-Difference and Finite-Element Methods 239

3.6 3-D Sound Propagation Models 251

List of Abbreviations and Symbols 263

Acknowledgments 264

References 264

Chapter 4 Absorption of Sound in Seawater / T.H. Neighbors III Neighbors, T.H. III 273

4.1 Physics and Phenomena 273

4.2 Experimental Data 275

4.3 Sound Absorption Mechanisms 283

4.4 Formulas and Expressions 288

4.5 Symbols and Abbreviations 291

References 292

Chapter 5 Scattering of Sound / L. Bjørnø Bjørnø, L. 297

5.1 Physics and Phenomena 297

5.2 Scattering From Point-Like Objects 303

5.3 Scattering From Extended, Nearly Plane, Rough Surfaces 318

5.4 Theoretical Basis for Scattering Calculations 332

5.5 Scattering From Curved, Rough Surfaces 340

5.6 Reverberation 346

5.7 Symbols and Abbreviations 353

References 358

Chapter 6 Ambient Noise / L. Bjømø Bjømø, L. 363

6.1 Physics and Phenomena 363

6.2 Sources of Ambient Noise 364

6.3 Spectra of Ambient Noise 381

6.4 Directivity of Ambient Noise 384

6.5 Coherence of Ambient Noise 388

6.6 Self-Noise 390

6.7 Amplitude Distributions for Underwater Noise 392

6.8 Symbols and Abbreviations 397

References 399

Chapter 7 Shallow-Water Acoustics / J.F. Lynch Lynch, J.F., A.E. Newhall Newhall, A.E. 403

7.1 What Is Shallow-Water Acoustics? 403

7.2 Physics and Phenomena 406

7.3 Some Additional Topics of Interest in Shallow-Water Acoustics 448

7.4 Some Newer Topics 455

List of Acronyms 458

List of Symbols in Equations 459

References 460

Appendix 7.A1 463

Chapter 8 The Seafloor / M.D. Richardson Richardson, M.D., D.R. Jackson Jackson, D.R. 469

8.1 Background and History 470

8.2 The Origin and Nature of Seafloor Sediments 471

8.3 Acoustics of Sediments 471

8.4 Model for Sound Scattering by the Seafloor 482

8.5 Sediment Physical Properties 494

8.6 Sediment Geoacoustic Properties 507

8.7 Seafloor Roughness 517

8.8 Seafloor Heterogeneity 522

8.9 Seafloor Identification and Characterization by Use of Sonar 526

List of Symbols 540

References 543

Chapter 9 Inverse Methods in Underwater Acoustics / N.R. Chapman Chapman, N.R. 553

9.1 Introduction 553

9.2 Some Basic Mathematical Relationships 555

9.3 Source Localization by Matched Field Processing 556

9.4 Geoacoustic Inversion 559

9.5 Ocean Acoustic Tomography 576

References 581

Chapter 10 Sonar Systems / L. Bjørnø Bjørnø, L. 587

10.1 Sonar System Applications 588

10.2 Sonar System Types 591

10.3 Single-Beam Echo Sounders 664

10.4 Multibeam Echo Sounders 672

10.5 Side-Scan Sonar 689

10.6 Synthetic Aperture Sonar 696

10.7 Other Sonar Types 701

10.8 Transducer Calibration 706

10.9 Sonar System Example Calculations 717

10.10 Sonar Design Calculations 723

10.11 Symbols and Abbreviations 736

References 738

Chapter 11 Signal Processing / D.A. Abraham Abraham, D.A. 743

11.1 Background and Definitions 743

11.2 Characterizing the Signal and Noise 749

11.3 Filtering 759

11.4 Detection 767

11.5 Estimation 786

References 804

Chapter 12 Bio- and Fishery Acoustics / Ph. Blondel Blondel, Ph. 809

12.1 Introduction 809

12.2 Marine Life: From Whales to Plankton 810

12.3 Acoustic Scattering by Marine Life 811

12.4 Active Imaging Systems 824

12.5 Marine Life and Sound 835

12.6 Passive Acoustic Monitoring 840

12.7 Selected Practical Applications 843

12.8 Conclusions: Future Developments 847

References 849

Chapter 13 Finite-Amplitude Waves / L. Bjørnø Bjørnø, L. 857

13.1 Physics and Nonlinear Phenomena 858

13.2 Nonlinear Underwater Acoustics 866

13.3 Underwater Explosions 878

13.4 List of Symbols and Abbreviations 884

References 886

Chapter 14 Underwater Acoustic Measurements and Their Applications / L. Bjørnø Bjørnø, L. 889

14.1 Introduction 889

14.2 Acoustics and Marine Renewable Energy Developments 890

14.3 Underwater Acoustics in Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Monitoring 894

14.4 Characterization of Noise From Ships 899

14.5 Underwater Soundscapes 904

14.6 Underwater Acoustic Communications 908

14.7 Underwater Archaeology 913

14.8 Applications of Underwater Acoustics in Polar Environments 917

14.9 Tank Experiments 923

14.10 Acoustic Positioning at Sea 927

14.11 Ocean Observing Systems and Ocean Observatories, Oceanographers, and Acousticians-A Personal Perspective 931

14.12 Applications of Underwater Acoustics to Military Purposes 934

References 940.

Notes:

Electronic reproduction. Amsterdam Available via World Wide Web.

Vendor-supplied metadata.

ISBN:

9780128112472

0128112476

Publisher Number:

99982223773

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Restricted for use by site license.