Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy / Mark E. Orazem, Bernard Tribollet.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Orazem, Mark E., author.

Tribollet, Bernard, author.

Series:

Electrochemical Society series.

Electrochemical Society Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Impedance spectroscopy.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (766 pages) : illustrations, tables.

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Wiley 2017

Summary:

Provides fundamentals needed to apply impedance spectroscopy to a broad range of applications with emphasis on obtaining physically meaningful insights from measurements. * Emphasizes fundamentals applicable to a broad range of applications including corrosion, biomedical devices, semiconductors, batteries, fuel cells, coatings, analytical chemistry, electrocatalysis, materials, and sensors * Provides illustrative examples throughout the text that show how the principles are applied to common impedance problems * New Edition has improved pedagogy, with more than twice the number of examples * New Edition has more in-depth treatment of background material needed to understand impedance spectroscopy, including electrochemistry, complex variables, and differential equations * New Edition includes expanded treatment of the influence of mass transport and kinetics and reflects recent advances in understanding frequency dispersion and constant-phase elements

Contents:

Intro

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Contents

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Acknowledgments

The Blind Men and the Elephant

A Brief Introduction to Impedance Spectroscopy

History of Impedance Spectroscopy

I Background

1 Complex Variables

1.1 Why Imaginary Numbers?

1.2 Terminology

1.2.1 The Imaginary Number

1.2.2 Complex Variables

1.2.3 Conventions for Notation in Impedance Spectroscopy

1.3 Operations Involving Complex Variables

1.3.1 Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

1.3.2 Complex Variables in Polar Coordinates

1.3.3 Properties of Complex Variables

1.4 Elementary Functions of Complex Variables

1.4.1 Exponential

1.4.2 Logarithmic

1.4.3 Polynomial

Problems

2 Differential Equations

2.1 Linear First-Order Differential Equations

2.2 Homogeneous Linear Second-Order Differential Equations

2.3 Nonhomogeneous Linear Second-Order Differential Equations

2.4 Chain Rule for Coordinate Transformations

2.5 Partial Differential Equations by Similarity Transformations

2.6 Differential Equations with Complex Variables

3 Statistics

3.1 Definitions

3.1.1 Expectation and Mean

3.1.2 Variance, Standard Deviation, and Covariance

3.1.3 Normal Distribution

3.1.4 Probability

3.1.5 Central Limit Theorem

3.2 Error Propagation

3.2.1 Linear Systems

3.2.2 Nonlinear Systems

3.3 Hypothesis Tests

3.3.1 Terminology

3.3.2 Student's t-Test for Equality of Mean

3.3.3 F-Test for Equality of Variance

3.3.4 Chi-Squared Test for Goodness of Fit

4 Electrical Circuits

4.1 Passive Electrical Circuits

4.1.1 Circuit Elements

Response to a Sinusoidal Signal

Impedance Response of Passive Circuit Elements

4.1.2 Parallel and Series Combinations.

4.2 Fundamental Relationships

4.3 Nested Circuits

4.4 Mathematical Equivalence of Circuits

4.5 Graphical Representation of Circuit Response

5 Electrochemistry

5.1 Resistors and Electrochemical Cells

5.2 Polarization Behavior for Electrochemical Systems

5.2.1 Zero Current

Equilibrium

Nonequilibrium

5.2.2 Kinetic Control

5.2.3 Mixed-Potential Theory

5.2.4 Mass-Transfer Control

5.3 Definitions of Potential

5.4 Rate Expressions

5.5 Transport Processes

5.5.1 Primary Current and Potential Distributions

5.5.2 Secondary Current and Potential Distributions

5.5.3 Tertiary Current and Potential Distributions

5.5.4 Mass-Transfer-Controlled Current Distributions

5.6 Potential Contributions

5.6.1 Ohmic Potential Drop

5.6.2 Surface Overpotential

5.6.3 Concentration Overpotential

5.7 Capacitance Contributions

5.7.1 Double-Layer Capacitance

5.7.2 Dielectric Capacitance

5.8 Further Reading

6 Electrochemical Instrumentation

6.1 The Ideal Operational Amplifier

6.2 Elements of Electrochemical Instrumentation

6.3 Electrochemical Interface

6.3.1 Potentiostat

6.3.2 Galvanostat

6.3.3 Potentiostat for EIS Measurement

II Experimental Considerations

7 Experimental Methods

7.1 Steady-State Polarization Curves

7.2 Transient Response to a Potential Step

7.3 Analysis in Frequency Domain

7.3.1 Lissajous Analysis

7.3.2 Phase-Sensitive Detection (Lock-in Amplifier)

7.3.3 Single-Frequency Fourier Analysis

7.3.4 Multiple-Frequency Fourier Analysis

7.4 Comparison of Measurement Techniques

7.4.1 Lissajous Analysis

7.4.2 Phase-Sensitive Detection (Lock-in Amplifier)

7.4.3 Single-Frequency Fourier Analysis

7.4.4 Multiple-Frequency Fourier Analysis

7.5 Specialized Techniques

7.5.1 Transfer-Function Analysis.

7.5.2 Local Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Global Impedance

Local Impedance

Local Interfacial Impedance

Local Ohmic Impedance

Global Interfacial Impedance

Global Ohmic Impedance

8 Experimental Design

8.1 Cell Design

8.1.1 Reference Electrodes

8.1.2 Flow Configurations

Rotating Disk

Disk under Submerged Impinging Jet

Rotating Cylinders

Rotating Hemispherical Electrode

8.1.3 Current Distribution

8.2 Experimental Considerations

8.2.1 Frequency Range

8.2.2 Linearity

8.2.3 Modulation Technique

8.2.4 Oscilloscope

8.3 Instrumentation Parameters

8.3.1 Improve Signal-to-Noise Ratio

8.3.2 Reduce Bias Errors

Nonstationary Effects

Instrument Bias

8.3.3 Improve Information Content

III Process Models

9 Equivalent Circuit Analogs

9.1 General Approach

9.2 Current Addition

9.2.1 Impedance at the Corrosion Potential

9.2.2 Partially Blocked Electrode

9.3 Potential Addition

9.3.1 Electrode Coated with an Inert Porous Layer

9.3.2 Electrode Coated with Two Inert Porous Layers

10 Kinetic Models

10.1 General Mathematical Framework

10.2 Electrochemical Reactions

10.2.1 Potential Dependent

10.2.2 Potential and Concentration Dependent

Charge-Transfer Resistance

Diffusion Impedance

Cell Impedance

10.3 Multiple Independent Electrochemical Reactions

10.4 Coupled Electrochemical Reactions

10.4.1 Potential and Surface Coverage Dependent

10.4.2 Potential, Surface Coverage, and Concentration Dependent

10.5 Electrochemical and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions

11 Diffusion Impedance

11.1 Uniformly Accessible Electrode

11.2 Porous Film

11.2.1 Diffusion with Exchange of Electroactive Species

11.2.2 Diffusion without Exchange of Electroactive Species

11.3 Rotating Disk.

11.3.1 Fluid Flow

11.3.2 Steady-State Mass Transfer

11.3.3 Convective Diffusion Impedance

11.3.4 Analytic and Numerical Solutions

Nernst Hypothesis

Assumption of an Infinite Schmidt Number

Treatment of a Finite Schmidt Number

11.4 Submerged Impinging Jet

11.4.1 Fluid Flow

11.4.2 Steady-State Mass Transfer

11.4.3 Convective Diffusion Impedance

11.5 Rotating Cylinders

11.6 Electrode Coated by a Porous Film

11.6.1 Steady-State Solutions

11.6.2 Coupled Diffusion Impedance

11.7 Impedance with Homogeneous Chemical Reactions

11.8 Dynamic Surface Films

11.8.1 Mass Transfer in the Salt Layer

11.8.2 Mass Transfer in the Electrolyte

11.8.3 Oscillating Film Thickness

11.8.4 Faradaic Impedance

12 Impedance of Materials

12.1 Electrical Properties of Materials

12.2 Dielectric Response in Homogeneous Media

12.3 Cole-Cole Relaxation

12.4 Geometric Capacitance

12.5 Dielectric Response of Insulating Nonhomogeneous Media

12.6 Mott-Schottky Analysis

13 Time-Constant Dispersion

13.1 Transmission Line Models

13.1.1 Telegrapher's Equations

13.1.2 Porous Electrodes

13.1.3 Pore-in-Pore Model

13.1.4 Thin-Layer Cell

13.2 Geometry-Induced Current and Potential Distributions

13.2.1 Mathematical Development

Blocking Electrode

Blocking Electrode with CPE Behavior

Electrode with Faradaic Reactions

Electrode with Faradaic Reactions Coupled by Adsorbed Intermediates

13.2.2 Numerical Method

13.2.3 Complex Ohmic Impedance at High Frequencies

13.2.4 Complex Ohmic Impedance at High and Low Frequencies

13.3 Electrode Surface Property Distributions

13.3.1 Electrode Roughness

Influence of Roughness on a Disk Electrode

Influence of Surface Roughness on a Recessed Electrode

13.3.2 Capacitance.

Capacitance Distribution on Recessed Electrodes

Capacitance Distribution on Disk Electrodes

13.3.3 Reactivity

13.4 Characteristic Dimension for Frequency Dispersion

13.5 Convective Diffusion Impedance at Small Electrodes

13.5.1 Analysis

13.5.2 Local Convective Diffusion Impedance

Low-Frequency Solution

High-Frequency Solution

13.5.3 Global Convective Diffusion Impedance

13.6 Coupled Charging and Faradaic Currents

13.6.1 Theoretical Development

Mass Transport in Dilute Solutions

Coupled Faradaic and Charging Currents

Double-Layer Model

Decoupled Faradaic and Charging Currents

13.6.2 Numerical Method

Steady-State Calculations

Double-Layer Properties

Impedance Calculations

13.6.3 Consequence of Coupled Charging and Faradaic Currents

13.7 Exponential Resistivity Distributions

14 Constant-Phase Elements

14.1 Mathematical Formulation for a CPE

14.2 When Is a Time-Constant Distribution a CPE?

14.3 Origin of Distributions Resulting in a CPE

14.4 Approaches for Extracting Physical Properties

14.4.1 Simple Substitution

14.4.2 Characteristic Frequency: Normal Distribution

14.4.3 Characteristic Frequency: Surface Distribution

14.4.4 Power-Law Distribution

Bounds for Resistivity

Comparative Analysis

14.5 Limitations to the Use of the CPE

15 Generalized Transfer Functions

15.1 Multi-input/Multi-output Systems

15.1.1 Current or Potential Are the Output Quantity

15.1.2 Current or Potential Are the Input Quantity

15.1.3 Experimental Quantities

15.2 Transfer Functions Involving Exclusively Electrical Quantities

15.2.1 Ring-Disk Impedance Measurements

15.2.2 Multifrequency Measurements for Double-Layer Studies

15.3 Transfer Functions Involving Nonelectrical Quantities.

15.3.1 Thermoelectrochemical (TEC) Transfer Function.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781119340928

1119340926

9781119363682

1119363683

9781119341222

1119341221

OCLC:

957656496