Hydrodynamics and water quality : modeling rivers,lakes, and estuaries / Zhen-Gang Ji.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Ji, Zhen-Gang, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Hydrodynamics.

Streamflow--Mathematical models.

Streamflow.

Sediment transport--Mathematical models.

Sediment transport.

Water quality--Measurement--Mathematics.

Water quality.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (583 pages) : illustrations (some color), photographs, maps

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, 2017.

Summary:

The primary reference for the modeling of hydrodynamics and water quality in rivers, lake, estuaries, coastal waters, and wetlands This comprehensive text perfectly illustrates the principles, basic processes, mathematical descriptions, case studies, and practical applications associated with surface waters. It focuses on solving practical problems in rivers, lakes, estuaries, coastal waters, and wetlands. Most of the theories and technical approaches presented within have been implemented in mathematical models and applied to solve practical problems. Throughout the book, case studies are presented to demonstrate how the basic theories and technical approaches are implemented into models, and how these models are applied to solve practical environmental/water resources problems. This new edition of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality: Modeling Rivers, Lakes, and Estuaries has been updated with more than 40% new information. It features several new chapters, including one devoted to shallow water processes in wetlands as well as another focused on extreme value theory and environmental risk analysis. It is also supplemented with a new website that provides files needed for sample applications, such as source codes, executable codes, input files, output files, model manuals, reports, technical notes, and utility programs. This new edition of the book: Includes more than 120 new/updated figures and 450 references Covers state-of-the-art hydrodynamics, sediment transport, toxics fate and transport, and water quality in surface waters Provides essential and updated information on mathematical models Focuses on how to solve practical problems in surface waters--presenting basic theories and technical approaches so that mathematical models can be understood and applied to simulate processes in surface waters Hailed as "a great addition to any university library" by the Journal of the American Water Resources Association (July 2009), Hydrodynamics and Water Quality, Second Edition is an essential reference for practicing engineers, scientists, and water resource managers worldwide.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

Preface to the Second Edition

Foreword to the First Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Acknowledgments for the First Edition

Abbreviations

About the Companion Website

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 Understanding Surface Waters

1.3 Modeling of Surface Waters

1.4 About This Book

Chapter 2 Hydrodynamics

2.1 Hydrodynamic Processes

2.1.1 Water Density

2.1.2 Conservation Laws

2.1.2.1 Conservation of Mass

2.1.2.2 Conservation of Momentum

2.1.3 Advection and Dispersion

2.1.4 Mass Balance Equation

2.1.5 Atmospheric Forcings

2.1.6 Coriolis Force and Geostrophic Flow

2.2 Governing Equations

2.2.1 Basic Approximations

2.2.1.1 Boussinesq Approximation

2.2.1.2 Hydrostatic Approximation

2.2.1.3 Quasi-3D Approximation

2.2.2 Equations in Cartesian Coordinates

2.2.2.1 1D Equations

2.2.2.2 2D Vertically Averaged Equations

2.2.2.3 2D Laterally Averaged Equations

2.2.2.4 3D Equations in Sigma Coordinate

2.2.3 Vertical Mixing and Turbulence Models

2.2.4 Equations in Curvilinear Coordinates

2.2.4.1 Curvilinear Coordinates and Model Grid

2.2.4.2 3D Equations in Sigma and Curvilinear Coordinates

2.2.5 Initial Conditions and Boundary Conditions

2.2.5.1 Initial Conditions

2.2.5.2 Solid Boundary Conditions

2.3 Temperature

2.3.1 Heat Flux Components

2.3.1.1 Solar Radiation

2.3.1.2 Longwave Radiation

2.3.1.3 Evaporation and Latent Heat

2.3.1.4 Sensible Heat

2.3.2 Temperature Formulations

2.3.2.1 Basic Equations

2.3.2.2 Surface Boundary Condition

2.3.2.3 Bed Heat Exchange

2.4 Hydrodynamic Modeling

2.4.1 Hydrodynamic Parameters and Data Requirements

2.4.1.1 Hydrodynamic Parameters

2.4.1.2 Data Requirements

2.4.2 Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee

2.4.2.1 Background.

2.4.2.2 Data Sources

2.4.2.3 Model Setup

2.4.2.4 Model Calibration

2.4.2.5 Hydrodynamic Processes in the Lake

2.4.2.6 Discussions and Conclusions

2.4.3 Case Study II: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon

2.4.3.1 Background

2.4.3.2 Model Setup

2.4.3.3 Tidal Elevation and Current in SLE/IRL

2.4.3.4 Temperature and Salinity

2.4.3.5 Discussions on Hydrodynamic Processes

2.4.3.6 Conclusions

Chapter 3 Sediment Transport

3.1 Overview

3.1.1 Properties of Sediment

3.1.2 Problems Associated with Sediment

3.2 Sediment Processes

3.2.1 Particle Settling

3.2.2 Horizontal Transport of Sediment

3.2.3 Resuspension and Deposition

3.2.4 Equations for Sediment Transport

3.2.5 Turbidity and Secchi Depth

3.3 Cohesive Sediment

3.3.1 Vertical Profiles of Cohesive Sediment Concentrations

3.3.2 Flocculation

3.3.3 Settling of Cohesive Sediment

3.3.4 Deposition of Cohesive Sediment

3.3.5 Resuspension of Cohesive Sediment

3.4 Noncohesive Sediment

3.4.1 Shields Diagram

3.4.2 Settling and Equilibrium Concentration

3.4.3 Bed Load Transport

3.5 Sediment Bed

3.5.1 Characteristics of Sediment Bed

3.5.2 A Model for Sediment Bed

3.6 Wind Waves

3.6.1 Wave Processes

3.6.2 Wind Wave Characteristics

3.6.3 Wind Wave Models

3.6.4 Combined Flows of Wind Waves and Currents

3.6.5 Impact of Wind Waves on Sediment Transport

3.6.6 Case Study: Wind Wave Modeling in Lake Okeechobee

3.6.6.1 Background

3.6.6.2 Measured Data and Model Setup

3.6.6.3 Model Calibration and Verification

3.6.6.4 Discussion

3.7 Sediment Transport Modeling

3.7.1 Sediment Parameters and Data Requirements

3.7.2 Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee

3.7.2.1 Background

3.7.2.2 Model Configuration

3.7.2.3 Model Calibration and Verification

3.7.2.4 Discussion and Conclusions.

3.7.3 Case Study II: Blackstone River

3.7.3.1 Background

3.7.3.2 Data Sources and Model Setup

3.7.3.3 Hydrodynamic and Sediment Simulation

Chapter 4 Pathogens and Toxics

4.1 Overview

4.2 Pathogens

4.2.1 Bacteria, Viruses, and Protozoa

4.2.2 Pathogen Indicators

4.2.3 Processes Affecting Pathogens

4.3 Toxic Substances

4.3.1 Toxic Organic Chemicals

4.3.2 Metals

4.3.3 Sorption and Desorption

4.4 Fate and Transport Processes

4.4.1 Mathematical Formulations

4.4.2 Processes Affecting Fate and Decay

4.4.2.1 Mineralization and Decomposition

4.4.2.2 Hydrolysis

4.4.2.3 Photolysis

4.4.2.4 Biodegradation

4.4.2.5 Volatilization

4.4.2.6 pH

4.5 Contaminant Modeling

4.5.1 Case Study I: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon

4.5.1.1 Analysis of Measured Copper Data

4.5.1.2 Sediment and Copper Modeling Results

4.5.1.3 Summary and Discussion

4.5.2 Case Study II: Rockford Lake

4.5.2.1 Background

4.5.2.2 Data Sources and Model Setup

4.5.2.3 Model Results

Chapter 5 Water Quality and Eutrophication

5.1 Overview

5.1.1 Eutrophication

5.1.2 Algae

5.1.3 Nutrients

5.1.3.1 Nitrogen Cycle

5.1.3.2 Phosphorus Cycle

5.1.3.3 Limiting Nutrients

5.1.4 Dissolved Oxygen

5.1.5 Governing Equations for Water Quality Processes

5.1.5.1 Hydrodynamic Effects

5.1.5.2 Temperature Effects

5.1.5.3 Michaelis-Menten Formulation

5.1.5.4 State Variables in Water Quality Models

5.2 Algae

5.2.1 Algal Biomass and Chlorophyll

5.2.2 Equations for Algal Processes

5.2.3 Algal Growth

5.2.3.1 Nutrients for Algal Growth

5.2.3.2 Sunlight for Algal Growth and Photosynthesis

5.2.4 Algal Reduction

5.2.4.1 Basal Metabolism

5.2.4.2 Algal Predation

5.2.4.3 Algal Settling

5.2.5 Silica and Diatom

5.2.6 Periphyton

5.3 Organic Carbon.

5.3.1 Decomposition of Organic Carbon

5.3.2 Equations for Organic Carbon

5.3.3 Heterotrophic Respiration and Dissolution

5.4 Phosphorus

5.4.1 Equations for Phosphorus State Variables

5.4.1.1 Particulate Organic Phosphorus

5.4.1.2 Dissolved Organic Phosphorus

5.4.1.3 Total Phosphate

5.4.2 Phosphorus Processes

5.4.2.1 Sorption and Desorption of Phosphate

5.4.2.2 Effects of Algae on Phosphorus

5.4.2.3 Mineralization and Hydrolysis

5.5 Nitrogen

5.5.1 Forms of Nitrogen

5.5.2 Equations for Nitrogen State Variables

5.5.2.1 Particulate Organic Nitrogen

5.5.2.2 Dissolved Organic Nitrogen

5.5.2.3 Ammonium Nitrogen

5.5.2.4 Nitrate Nitrogen

5.5.3 Nitrogen Processes

5.5.3.1 Effects of Algae

5.5.3.2 Mineralization and Hydrolysis

5.5.3.3 Nitrification

5.5.3.4 Denitrification

5.5.3.5 Nitrogen Fixation

5.6 Dissolved Oxygen

5.6.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand

5.6.2 Processes and Equations of Dissolved Oxygen

5.6.3 Effects of Photosynthesis and Respiration

5.6.4 Reaeration

5.6.5 Chemical Oxygen Demand

5.7 Sediment Fluxes

5.7.1 Sediment Diagenesis Model

5.7.1.1 Three Fluxes of the Sediment Diagenesis Model

5.7.1.2 Two-Layer Structure of Benthic Sediment

5.7.1.3 Three G Classes of Sediment Organic Matter

5.7.1.4 State Variables of the Sediment Diagenesis Model

5.7.2 Depositional Fluxes

5.7.3 Diagenesis Fluxes

5.7.4 Sediment Fluxes

5.7.4.1 Basic Equations

5.7.4.2 Parameters for Sediment Fluxes

5.7.4.3 Ammonium Nitrogen Flux

5.7.4.4 Nitrate Nitrogen Flux

5.7.4.5 Phosphate Phosphorus Flux

5.7.4.6 Chemical Oxygen Demand and Sediment Oxygen Demand

5.7.5 Silica

5.7.6 Coupling with Sediment Resuspension

5.8 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation

5.8.1 Introduction

5.8.2 Equations for an SAV Model

5.8.2.1 Shoots Production and Respiration.

5.8.2.2 Carbon Transport and Roots Respiration

5.8.2.3 Epiphytes Production and Respiration

5.8.3 Coupling with the Water Quality Model

5.8.3.1 Organic Carbon Coupling

5.8.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen Coupling

5.8.3.3 Phosphorus Coupling

5.8.3.4 Nitrogen Coupling

5.8.3.5 Total Suspended Solids Coupling

5.8.4 Long-Term Variations of SAV

5.8.4.1 Background Information

5.8.4.2 SAV Model

5.8.4.3 Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model Results

5.8.4.4 Long-Term Variations of SAV and Hurricane Impact

5.8.4.5 Discussion and Conclusions

5.9 Water Quality Modeling

5.9.1 Model Parameters and Data Requirements

5.9.1.1 Water Quality Parameters

5.9.1.2 Data Requirements

5.9.2 Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee

5.9.2.1 Background

5.9.2.2 Model Setup and Data Sources

5.9.2.3 Water Quality Modeling Results

5.9.2.4 SAV Modeling Results

5.9.2.5 Impact of Hurricane Irene

5.9.2.6 Impacts of SAV on Nutrient Concentrations

5.9.2.7 Discussions and Summary

5.9.3 Case Study II: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon

5.9.3.1 Introduction

5.9.3.2 Model Setup

5.9.3.3 Model Calibration and Verification

5.9.3.4 Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Processes

5.9.3.5 Conclusions

Chapter 6 External Sources and TMDL

6.1 Point Sources and Nonpoint Sources

6.2 Atmospheric Deposition

6.3 Groundwater

6.4 Watershed Processes and TMDL Development

6.4.1 Watershed Processes

6.4.2 Total Maximum Daily Load

Chapter 7 Mathematical Modeling and Statistical Analyses

7.1 Mathematical Models

7.1.1 Numerical Models

7.1.2 Model Selection

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution and Temporal Resolution

7.2 Statistical Analyses

7.2.1 Statistics for Model Performance Evaluation

7.2.2 Correlation and Regression

7.2.3 Spectral Analysis

7.2.4 Empirical Orthogonal Function

7.2.5 EOF Case Study.

7.3 Model Calibration and Verification.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-119-37194-5

1-119-37193-7

OCLC:

966633824