Non-ionizing radiation protection : summary of research and policy options / edited by Andrew W. Wood, Ken Karipidis.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Wood, Andrew W., editor.

Karipidis, Ken, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nonionizing radiation--Safety measures.

Nonionizing radiation.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (611 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, 2017.

Summary:

A comprehensive review of non-ionizing radiation and its public health and environmental risks, for researchers, policy makers, and laymen This book explains the characteristics of all forms of electromagnetic non-ionizing radiation (NIR) and analyzes the relationship between exposure and its biological effects, as well as the known dose-response relationships associated with each. Taking a uniquely holistic approach to the concept of health that builds upon the WHO definition to include not only absence of disease, but the physical, mental and social well-being of individuals and the population, it reviews established and potential risks and protections, along with regulatory issues associated with each. The risks to public health of NIR, whether in the form of UV light, radio waves from wireless devices, or electric and magnetic fields associated with electrical power systems, is currently a cause of great concern among members of the public and lawmakers. But in order to separate established science from speculation and make informed decisions about how to mitigate the risks of NIR and allocate precious resources, policymakers, manufacturers, and individuals need a comprehensive source of up-to-date information based on the current scientific evidence. Written by a team of experts in their fields, this book is that source. Among other things, it: * Summarizes scientific findings on the safety of different forms of NIR and the rationale behind current standards * Describes devices for monitoring NIR along with the established and potential hazards of each form * Explores proper protections against UV light and lasers, RF radiation, ELF fields and other forms of NIR * Discusses how to avoid injuries through occupational training or public awareness programs, and how to perform medical assessments in cases of suspected NIR injuries * Considers how to decide whether or not to spend money on certain mitigation measures, based on cost-benefit analyses Offering expert reviews and analyses of the latest scientific findings and public policy issues concerning the risks to public health and the environment of NIR, Non-ionizing Radiation Protection is an indispensable source of information for manufacturers, government regulators, and regulatory agencies, as well as researchers, concerned laypersons, and students.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

List of Contributors

Foreword

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Chapter 1 Overview: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Nonionizing Radiation

1.1 What Is Nonionizing Radiation (NIR)?

1.2 Types of NIR

1.3 How Dangerous is NIR?

1.4 Overview Summary of NIR Health Effects Evaluation: Status

Tutorial Problems

References

Part I Hazard Identification and Assessment: What are the Dangers and How are the Sources Dangerous?

Chapter 2 Hazard Identification: Laboratory Investigation

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Scientific Method

2.3 Human Volunteer Experiments

2.4 Whole Organism Experiments

2.5 Studies on Isolated Cells, Organs, or Subcellular Organelles

2.6 Sources of Artifact and Importance of Independent Replication and Quality Control

2.7 Difference Between "Effects" and "Harmful Effects": Extrapolation to Human Health Outcomes

2.8 Role of Mathematical Modeling and Mechanism Studies

Appendix: Statistical Concepts

A.1 Averaging

A.2 Standard Error of the Mean

A.3 When Is a Difference Significant?

A.4 Correlations

A.5 Analysis of Variance

A.6 Statistical Power

A.7 Multiple Comparisons

Chapter 3 Hazard Identification: Epidemiological Studies and Their Interpretation

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Causation

3.3 Incidence and Prevalence

3.4 Evidence for Causation

3.5 Types of Epidemiological Study

3.6 Time Dimensions - Prospective, Retrospective, or Cross Sectional

3.7 Some Other Epidemiological Studies

3.8 The Results of Epidemiological Studies: Relative Risk, Confidence Limits, and P-Values

3.9 Assessing Causality: Identifying Noncausal Explanations

3.10 Conclusion

Part II Ultraviolet (UV) Light.

Chapter 4 UVR and Short-Term Hazards to the Skin and Eyes

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Sources of UVR: Natural and Artificial

4.3 Short-Term Hazards to Skin and Eyes

4.4 UVR Interaction with Biomolecules

4.5 Eye Transmission and Effects

Chapter 5 Ultraviolet: Long-Term Risks and Benefits

5.1 Hazards: General

5.2 Benefits: Vitamin D Synthesis

5.3 Reduction in Sun Exposure

5.4 Control of Artificial Tanning

Chapter 6 UV Guidelines and Protection Policies

6.1 ICNIRP Guidelines and National Standards

6.2 General Population versus Occupational Exposures

6.3 Occupational Exposures to UVR

6.4 Measured Occupational Exposures to UVR

6.5 Awareness Campaigns

6.6 Protection Measures

Chapter 7 UV Measurements

7.1 Radiometry and Spectroradiometry

7.2 Solar UVR

7.3 Solar UVR Broadband Measurements

7.4 Solar UVR Spectral Measurements

7.5 Personal Dosimetry

7.6 Chemical Dosimeters

7.7 Biological Dosimeters

Further Reading

Part III Visible and Infrared (IR) Light

Chapter 8 Laser and Visible Radiation Hazards to the Eye and Skin

8.1 Intense Sources of Optical Radiation

8.2 Basic Principles of a Laser

8.3 Intense Nonlaser Sources of Visible Light

8.4 Biological Effects

8.5 Laser Radiation Safety

Chapter 9 Infrared Radiation and Biological Hazards

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Black Body Radiation

9.3 Absorption of Infrared Radiation

9.4 Interaction of Infrared Radiation with the Human Body

9.5 Traditional Sources of Infrared Radiation

9.6 Personal Protective Equipment

9.7 Recent and Emerging Infrared Technologies, Including Lasers, Laser Diodes, LEDs, and Terahertz Devices

9.8 Infrared Exposure Standards and Guidelines

References.

Chapter 10 Laser and Optical Radiation Guidelines

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Guidelines and Standards for Lasers

10.3 Laser Standards

10.4 Laser Guidelines

Chapter 11 Laser Measurements

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Measurement Parameters for Lasers

11.3 Measurement Methods

11.4 Beam Diameter and Beam Divergence

11.5 Divergence Measurements

Part IV Radiofrequency (RF) and Microwave Radiation

Chapter 12 Thermal Effects of Microwave and Radiofrequency Radiation

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Thermal Effects Relevant to Health and Safety

12.3 Mechanisms for Thermal Effects of RF Energy

12.4 Modeling Thermal Response of Humans to RF Energy Exposure

12.5 Conclusion

Chapter 13 RF Guidelines and Standards

13.1 Introduction

13.2 How Do the Standards-Setting Bodies Operate?

13.3 Standard or Guidance Levels

13.4 Basic Restrictions

13.5 Temporal Averaging

13.6 Contact Current Restrictions

13.7 Reference Levels as a Function of Frequency

13.8 Near-Field versus Far-Field

13.9 Dealing with Multiple Frequencies

13.10 Spatial Averaging

13.11 Specific Issues Regarding Risk Management

13.12 Scientific Input

13.13 The Place of Epidemiological and Low-Level Effects Research in Standard Setting

Chapter 14 Assessing RF Exposure: Fields, Currents, and SAR

14.1 Introduction

14.2 RF Sources and the Environment

14.3 Planning an Exposure Assessment

14.4 Quantities and Units

14.5 Broadband Field Strength Measurements

14.6 Frequency-Selective Field Strength Measurements

14.7 Induced and Contact Current Measurements

14.8 SAR Measurements

14.9 Computation of Fields, Currents, and SARs

14.10 Calibration of Instruments.

14.11 Validation of Computational Tools and Simulations

14.12 Uncertainty in Measurements and Computations

14.13 Compliance with Limits

Glossary

Symbols

Chapter 15 Epidemiological Studies of Low-Intensity Radiofrequency Fields and Diseases in Humans

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Mobile Phone Use and Brain Cancer

15.3 Case-Control Studies

15.4 Cohort Studies

15.5 Time Trends in Brain Tumors

15.6 The IARC Report

15.7 Mobile Phone Base Stations

15.8 Radio and Other Transmitters

15.9 Occupational Studies

15.10 Other Diseases

15.11 Conclusions

Chapter 16 Possible Low-Level Radiofrequency Effects

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Where Is the Information?

16.3 Thermal and Nonthermal Effects: Formal Definitions

16.4 RF Bioeffects Research: General

16.5 Summary of In Vitro Work

16.6 Summary of In Vivo Work

16.7 In Vivo Studies: Other Effects

16.8 Animal Whole of Life Studies

16.9 Human Volunteer Studies

16.10 Other Issues Relating to Mechanism of Interaction of RF with Biological Systems

16.11 Modeling and Dosimetry

16.12 Unanswered Questions

16.13 What More Needs to Be Done?

Part V Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields

Chapter 17 Electric and Magnetic Fields and Induced Current Hazard

17.1 Introduction

17.2 What Other Hazards Need We Consider?

17.3 The Initiation of an Action Potential

17.4 Endogenous and Exogenous Currents

17.5 Sensation Thresholds

17.6 Effects of Contact Currents

17.7 Inducing a Current in Tissue by an External Magnetic Field

17.8 Effects of External Electric Fields

17.9 Sources of EMFs: Electricity Transmission and Distribution Systems

17.10 Home Appliances and Industrial or Commercial Sources of EMF.

17.11 Transportation Systems

17.12 Therapeutic Uses

17.13 Effect on Pacemakers and Other Implantable or Body-worn Electronic Medical Devices

17.14 Electro and Magnetobiology

17.15 Glossary and Further Definitions

Chapter 18 Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Guidelines

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Standard or Guidance Levels?

18.3 Guidelines/Standards: History

18.4 Basic Restrictions and Reference (or Maximum Permitted Exposure) Levels

18.5 Basic Restrictions

18.6 MPEs/RLs for Electric (E) Fields

18.7 MPEs/RLs for Magnetic (B) Fields

18.8 Extremities

18.9 Contact Currents

18.10 Time and Space Averaging

18.11 Multiple Frequencies

18.12 The Place of Epidemiological Results in ELF Standard-Setting

18.13 ICNIRP Versus IEEE

Chapter 19 Instrumentation and Measurement of ELF Electric and Magnetic Fields

19.1 Introduction

19.2 ELF Instrumentation - General

19.3 Electric Field Instrumentation

19.4 Magnetic Field Instrumentation

19.5 Measurement and Exposure Assessment Considerations

Chapter 20 Epidemiological Studies of Low-Intensity ELF Fields and Diseases in Humans

20.1 Leukemia in Children

20.2 Other Cancers

20.3 Occupational Studies

20.4 Neurological Diseases

20.5 Reproductive Outcomes

20.6 Major Reviews

Sources for Updates

Chapter 21 Possible Low-Level Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Field Effects?

21.1 Exposure to ELF Fields

21.2 Some "Landmark Studies"?

21.3 Mechanism Studies

21.4 Why Is Evidence Regarded as "Inconclusive"?

21.5 Dealing with Scientific Uncertainty in a Prudent Manner

Part VI Static Electric and Magnetic Fields.

Chapter 22 Static Electric and Magnetic Field Hazards.

Notes:

Includes index.

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781119284208

1119284201

9781119284192

1119284198

9781119284673

1119284678

OCLC:

973733378