Handbook of natural gas transmission and processing : principles and practices / Saeid Mokhatab, William A. Poe, John Y. Mak.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Mokhatab, Saeid, author.

Poe, William A., author.

Mak, John Y., author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Natural gas.

Natural gas pipelines.

Gas manufacture and works.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (864 pages)

Edition:

Fourth edition.

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, MA ; Oxford, United Kingdom : Gulf Professional Publishing, An imprint of Elsevier, [2019]

Summary:

Written by an internationally-recognized team of natural gas industry experts, the fourth edition of Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing is a unique, well-researched, and comprehensive work on the design and operation aspects of natural gas transmission and processing. Six new chapters have been added to include detailed discussion of the thermodynamic and energy efficiency of relevant processes, and recent developments in treating super-rich gas, high CO2 content gas, and high nitrogen content gas with other contaminants. The new material describes technologies for processing today's unconventional gases, providing a fresh approach in solving today's gas processing challenges including greenhouse gas emissions. The updated edition is an excellent platform for gas processors and educators to understand the basic principles and innovative designs necessary to meet today's environmental and sustainability requirement while delivering acceptable project economics.- Covers all technical and operational aspects of natural gas transmission and processing.- Provides pivotal updates on the latest technologies, applications, and solutions.- Helps to understand today's natural gas resources, and the best gas processing technologies.- Offers design optimization and advice on the design and operation of gas plants.

Contents:

Front Cover

Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing

Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing: Principles and Practices

Copyright

Disclaimer

Dedication

Contents

With Contribution by

About the Authors

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Endorsements for the Fourth Edition

1 - NATURAL GAS FUNDAMENTALS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 NATURAL GAS HISTORY

1.3 NATURAL GAS ORIGIN AND SOURCES

1.3.1 CONVENTIONAL GAS

1.3.2 UNCONVENTIONAL GAS

1.4 NATURAL GAS COMPOSITION AND CLASSIFICATION

1.5 NATURAL GAS PHASE BEHAVIOR

1.6 NATURAL GAS PROPERTIES

1.6.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1.6.1.1 Gas Specific Gravity

1.6.1.2 Gas Compressibility Factor

1.6.1.3 Gas Formation Volume Factor

1.6.1.4 Gas Density

1.6.1.5 Isothermal Compressibility of Gases

1.6.1.6 Gas Viscosity

1.6.2 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

1.6.2.1 Specific Heat

1.6.2.2 Joule-Thomson Coefficient

1.7 NATURAL GAS RESERVES

1.8 NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION

1.8.1 CONVENTIONAL GAS

1.8.1.1 Exploration

1.8.1.2 Drilling

1.8.1.3 Completion

1.8.1.4 Production

1.8.2 UNCONVENTIONAL GAS

1.8.2.1 Exploration

1.8.2.2 Drilling

1.8.2.3 Completion

1.8.2.4 Production

1.8.3 WELL DELIVERABILITY

1.9 NATURAL GAS GATHERING

1.10 NATURAL GAS TRANSPORTATION

1.10.1 PIPELINES

1.10.2 LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS

1.10.3 COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS

1.10.4 GAS-TO-LIQUIDS

1.10.5 GAS-TO-SOLID

1.10.6 GAS-TO-WIRE

1.10.7 COMPARISON BETWEEN VARIOUS METHODS

1.11 NATURAL GAS PROCESSING

1.12 SALES GAS TRANSMISSION

1.13 UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE

1.13.1 DEPLETED RESERVOIRS

1.13.2 AQUIFERS

1.13.3 SALT CAVERNS

REFERENCES

2 - PHASE BEHAVIOR OF NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF NATURAL GAS PHASE BEHAVIOR

2.2.1 SINGLE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS.

2.2.2 BINARY SYSTEMS

2.2.3 PHASE ENVELOPES (OR ISOPLETHS) OF BINARY SYSTEMS

2.2.4 PHASE ENVELOPES OF PETROLEUM FLUIDS

2.2.5 CALCULATION OF VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA IN NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS

2.2.5.1 Introduction: Phase Variables Versus Global Variables

2.2.5.2 The 2-Phase Equilibrium Condition

2.2.5.3 Models for Calculating Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in Natural Gas Systems

2.2.5.4 Expression of the Equilibrium Condition When Using Pressure-Explicit EoS to Model Fluid Properties

2.2.5.5 Gibbs Phase Rule

2.2.5.6 Calculation Principle of a Phase Envelope

2.2.5.7 Calculation Principle of a PT Flash

2.3 NATURAL GASES PHASE BEHAVIOR MODELING WITH CUBIC EOS

2.3.1 SOME WORDS ABOUT CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE HISTORY

2.3.2 GENERAL PRESENTATION OF CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE

2.3.2.1 Presentation of Some Alpha Functions Usable With Cubic Equations of State

2.3.3 DISCUSSION ABOUT THE MIXING RULES TO BE USED TO MODEL THE PHASE BEHAVIOR AND ENTHALPIES OF NATURAL GASES WITH CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE

2.3.3.1 Correlations to Estimate the Binary Interaction Parameters

2.3.3.2 GCMs to Estimate the Binary Interaction Parameters

2.3.3.2.1 The Abdoul-Rauzy-Péneloux Model

2.3.3.2.2 The PPR78 Model

2.3.3.2.2.1 Presentation

2.3.3.2.2.2 On the Temperature Dependence of the kij Parameter

2.3.3.2.3 Soave's GCM

2.3.3.3 kij(T) Values: How to Switch From a Cubic EoS to Another One?

2.3.3.4 Other Mixing Rules

2.3.3.4.1 The Infinite Pressure Reference

2.3.3.4.1.1 The Huron-Vidal Mixing Rules

2.3.3.4.1.2 The Van der Waals One-Fluid (VdW1f) Mixing Rules

2.3.3.4.1.3 The Wong-Sandler Mixing Rules

2.3.3.4.2 The Zero-Pressure Reference

2.3.3.4.2.1 The MHV-1 Mixing Rule

2.3.3.4.2.2 The PSRK Model

2.3.3.4.2.3 The Universal Mixing Rule of Peng-Robinson and Volume-Translated Peng-Robinson Models.

2.3.3.4.2.4 The LCVM Model

2.3.3.4.2.5 The MHV-2 Mixing Rule

2.3.4 ENERGETIC ASPECTS: ESTIMATION OF ENTHALPIES FROM CUBIC EOS

2.3.4.1 Calculation of Pure-Component Enthalpies

2.3.4.2 Calculation of the Enthalpy Change on Mixing

2.3.4.3 Practical Use of Enthalpies of Mixing and Illustration With the PPR78 Model

2.4 NATURAL GASES PHASE BEHAVIOR MODELING WITH SAFT-TYPE EOS

2.4.1 THE ORIGINAL SAFT EOS

2.4.2 MODIFICATIONS OF THE SAFT EQUATION

2.5 NATURAL GASES PHASE BEHAVIOR MODELING WITH THE GERG-2008 EOS

2.6 DEW POINT PRESSURES PREDICTION OF NATURAL GASES

2.7 EFFECT OF THE HEAVY-END CHARACTERIZATION ON THE HYDROCARBON DEW POINT CURVE CALCULATION

2.8 CONCLUSION

3 - RAW GAS TRANSMISSION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 MULTIPHASE FLOW TERMINOLOGY

3.2.1 SUPERFICIAL VELOCITY

3.2.2 MIXTURE VELOCITY

3.2.3 HOLDUP

3.2.4 PHASE VELOCITY

3.2.5 SLIP

3.2.6 MIXTURE DENSITY

3.2.7 MIXTURE VISCOSITY

3.2.8 MIXTURE PRESSURE DROP

3.2.9 MIXTURE ENTHALPY

3.3 MULTIPHASE FLOW REGIMES

3.3.1 TWO-PHASE FLOW REGIMES

3.3.1.1 Horizontal Flow Regimes

3.3.1.1.1 Dispersed Bubble Flow

3.3.1.1.2 Plug (Elongated Bubble) Flow

3.3.1.1.3 Stratified (Smooth and Wavy) Flow

3.3.1.1.4 Slug Flow

3.3.1.1.5 Annular Flow

3.3.1.2 Vertical Flow Regimes

3.3.1.2.1 Bubble Flow

3.3.1.2.2 Slug Flow

3.3.1.2.3 Churn (Transition) Flow

3.3.1.2.4 Annular Flow

3.3.1.3 Inclined Flow Regimes

3.3.1.4 Flow Pattern Maps

3.3.2 THREE-PHASE FLOW REGIMES

3.3.3 GAS-CONDENSATE FLOW REGIMES

3.4 DETERMINING MULTIPHASE FLOW DESIGN PARAMETERS

3.4.1 STEADY-STATE TWO-PHASE FLOW

3.4.1.1 Single-Phase Flow Approaches

3.4.1.2 Homogeneous Flow Approaches

3.4.1.2.1 Lockhart and Martinelli Method

3.4.1.2.2 Beggs and Brill Method

3.4.1.3 Mechanistic Models.

3.4.2 STEADY-STATE THREE-PHASE FLOW

3.4.3 TRANSIENT MULTIPHASE FLOW

3.4.3.1 Two Fluid Model

3.4.3.2 Drift Flux Model

3.4.4 MULTIPHASE GAS AND CONDENSATE FLOW

3.5 PREDICTING TEMPERATURE PROFILE OF A MULTIPHASE PIPELINE

3.6 VELOCITY CRITERIA FOR SIZING MULTIPHASE PIPELINES

3.7 MULTIPHASE PIPELINE OPERATIONS

3.7.1 LEAK DETECTION

3.7.2 PIPELINE DEPRESSURIZATION

3.7.3 PIGGING

3.8 MULTIPHASE FLOW ASSURANCE

3.8.1 GAS HYDRATES

3.8.1.1 Hydrate Locus for Natural Gas Components

3.8.1.2 Prediction of Hydrate Formation Conditions

3.8.1.2.1 K-Factor Method

3.8.1.2.2 Baillie and Wichert Method

3.8.1.2.3 Gas Gravity Method

3.8.1.2.4 Commercial Software Programs

3.8.1.3 Hydrate Prevention Techniques

3.8.1.3.1 Thermal Methods

3.8.1.3.2 Chemical Inhibition

3.8.1.3.2.1 Types of Inhibitors

3.8.1.3.2.2 Prediction of Inhibitor Requirements

3.8.1.3.2.3 Design of Injection Systems

3.8.2 CORROSION

3.8.2.1 Choice of Corrosion-Resistant Metals

3.8.2.2 Corrosion Inhibitors

3.8.2.3 Cathodic Protection

3.8.2.4 Protective Coatings

3.8.2.5 Corrosion Monitoring

3.8.3 WAX

3.8.3.1 Wax Deposition

3.8.3.1.1 Wax Deposition Envelope

3.8.3.1.2 Gas-Condensate Wax Deposition Envelope

3.8.3.2 Wax Formation in Multiphase Gas-Condensate Pipelines

3.8.3.2.1 Identification of Wax Deposition Problems

3.8.3.2.2 Wax Deposition Inhibition/Prevention

3.8.3.2.3 Wax Deposit Remediation

3.8.3.2.4 Controlled Production of Wax Deposits

3.8.4 SLUGGING

3.8.4.1 Hydrodynamic Slugging

3.8.4.2 Terrain Induced Slugging

3.8.4.3 Riser Induced (Severe) Slugging

3.8.4.3.1 Severe Slugging Mechanism

3.8.4.3.2 Stability Analysis

3.8.4.3.3 Prevention and Control of Severe Slugging

3.8.4.3.3.1 Riser Base Gas Injection

3.8.4.3.3.2 Topside Choking

3.8.4.3.3.3 Control Methods.

3.8.4.4 Operationally Induced Slugging

3.8.5 FLOW ASSURANCE RISK MANAGEMENT

3.8.5.1 Phase I: Assessing Flow Assurance Risks

3.8.5.2 Phase II: Defining Flow Assurance Mitigation Strategies

3.8.5.3 Phase III: Defining Flow Operability

3.8.5.4 Phase IV: Finalizing the Pipeline Operating Procedures

3.8.5.5 Phase V: Optimizing System Performance

3.8.5.6 Phase VI: Real Time Flow Assurance Monitoring

4 - BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATURAL GAS PROCESSING

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 NATURAL GAS PROCESSING OBJECTIVES

4.3 GAS PROCESSING PLANT CONFIGURATIONS

4.3.1 GAS PLANT WITH HYDROCARBON DEW POINT CONTROLLING

4.3.1.1 Inlet Separation

4.3.1.2 Condensate Stabilization

4.3.1.3 Acid Gas Removal

4.3.1.4 Sulfur Recovery and Handling

4.3.1.5 Gas Dehydration

4.3.1.6 Mercaptans Removal

4.3.1.7 Hydrocarbon Dew Point Controlling

4.3.1.8 Nitrogen Rejection and Helium Recovery

4.3.1.9 Sales Gas Compression, Transmission, and Measurement

4.3.2 GAS PLANT FOR NATURAL GAS LIQUID PRODUCTION

4.3.2.1 Deep CO2 Removal

4.3.2.2 Deep Dehydration

4.3.2.3 Mercury Removal

4.3.2.4 Natural Gas Liquid Recovery and Fractionation

4.4 FINDING THE BEST GAS PROCESSING ROUTE

4.5 SUPPORT SYSTEMS

4.5.1 UTILITY AND OFF-SITE

4.5.2 PROCESS CONTROL

4.5.3 SAFETY SYSTEMS

4.6 CONTRACTUAL AGREEMENTS

4.6.1 KEEP WHOLE CONTRACTS

4.6.2 FLAT FEE CONTRACTS

4.6.3 PERCENTAGE OF PROCEEDS CONTRACTS

4.6.4 PROCESSING FEE CONTRACTS

5 - PHASE SEPARATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 GRAVITY SEPARATORS

5.2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

5.2.2 SEPARATORS SELECTION

5.2.2.1 Horizontal Separators

5.2.2.2 Vertical Separators

5.2.3 GRAVITY SEPARATION THEORY

5.2.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

5.3 MULTISTAGE SEPARATION

5.4 CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS

5.5 TWISTER SUPERSONIC SEPARATOR

5.6 SLUG CATCHERS.

5.7 HIGH-EFFICIENCY LIQUID-GAS COALESCERS.

Notes:

Description based on: online resource; title from pdf title page (Knovel, viewed June 1, 2020)

ISBN:

9780128158784

0128158786