Plastics to energy : fuel, chemicals, and sustainability implications / edited by S. M. Al-Salem.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Al-Salem, S. M., editor.

Series:

PDL handbook series.

PDL handbook series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Plastics.

Plastic scrap.

Refuse and refuse disposal.

Refuse as fuel.

Refuse Disposal.

Medical Subjects:

Plastics.

Refuse Disposal.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (560 pages).

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Oxford, United Kingdom ; Cambridge, MA : William Andrew, Applied Science Publishers, [2019]

Summary:

Plastics to Energy: Fuel, Chemicals, and Sustainability Implications covers important trends in the science and technology of polymer recovery, such as the thermo-chemical treatment of plastics, the impact of environmental degradation on mechanical recycling, incineration and thermal unit design, and new options in biodegradable plastics. The book also introduces product development opportunities from waste materials and discusses the main processes and pathways of the conversion of polymeric materials to energy, fuel and chemicals. A particular focus is placed on industrial case studies and academic reviews, providing a practical emphasis that enables plastics practitioners involved in end-of-life aspects to employ these processes.Final sections examine lifecycle and cost analysis of different plastic waste management processes, exploring the potential of various techniques in modelling, optimization and simulation of waste management options.- Introduces new pathways for the end-of-life treatment of plastics and polymers, including conversion to energy, fuel and other chemicals- Compares different options to assist materials scientists, engineers and waste management practitioners to choose the most effective and sustainable option- Covers the latest trends in the science and technology of polymer energy recovery

Contents:

Front Cover

Plastics to Energy

Copyright Page

Dedication

Contents

List of Contributors

About the Authors

Preface

What Distinguishes This Book From Others Touching on the Topic at Hand?

Recommendations for Incorporating This Book in Academic Curricula

Acknowledgments

Potential Impact of This Book

I. Plastics and Plastic Solid Waste (PSW)

1 Introduction

1.1 Introductory Remark: Dependency on Plastics

1.2 The Nature of Plastics and Impact on Waste Management

1.3 Plastics and Polymers: Technical Aspects and Difference Between Both Terms

1.4 Sustainable Production of Polymeric Articles

1.5 History of Plastics to Fuel and Sustainability

1.6 Polymer Waste Generation/Collection Logistics and Socio-Economic Factors

1.7 Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

Further Reading

2 Major Technologies Implemented for Chemicals and Fuel Recovery

2.1 Sources of Plastic Solid Waste

2.2 The Nature of Organic Waste

2.3 A Note on Logistics, Collection, and Generation

2.4 Plastic Solid Waste Management Hierarchy

2.5 Physical Treatment of Plastic Waste

2.6 Chemicals and Energy Production Technologies

2.6.1 Main Mechanisms of Degradation

2.6.2 Chemical Treatment of Pure Nature

2.6.3 Thermo-Chemical Treatment of Polymers

2.6.4 Energy Recovery From Plastics Via Incineration Processes

2.7 Summary

3 Energy Production From Plastic Solid Waste (PSW)

3.1 Key Concepts

3.2 Types of Incineration Units

3.3 Incineration of Plastics

3.4 Governing Regulations and Key Criteria

3.5 Notes and Case History Success Stories

4 The Sustainability Challenge in the Context of Polymer Degradation

4.1 The Fate of Products From Polymers Degradation and Faced Challenges.

4.2 Environmental Considerations and Tools

4.2.1 Background, Definitions and Terminology of LCA

4.2.2 Methodology of LCA Execution

4.2.3 Distinguishing LCA Types

4.2.4 Evaluation of Alternatives and Associated Burdens

4.3 Economical and Socioeconomical Aspect of Facilities Encompassing Polymer Degradation

4.4 Case Study: Offsetting Environmental Burdens Associated with Downstream Industry

4.4.1 Benefits of Thermo-Chemical Treatment (TCT) of Plastics

4.4.2 Assumptions and Scenarios Description

4.4.3 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) and Results

4.4.4 Sustainable Practice Recommendations

4.5 Case Study: Exposure to Mercury From Waste With High Content of Plastic in Incineration Plants

4.5.1 Rationale and Justification

4.5.2 Country Specific Description

4.5.3 Methods

4.5.4 Assessment and Observations

4.5.5 Summary and Concluding Notes

4.6 Concluding Notes

II. Products Recovery From Plastics

5 Feedstock and Optimal Operation for Plastics to Fuel Conversion in Pyrolysis

5.1 Overview of Concept and Key Issues

5.1.1 Technology Review Encompassing Other Techniques

5.1.2 Advantages of Pyrolysis Over Other Technologies

5.2 Type of Materials and Units Used in the Pyrolysis Process

5.2.1 Materials Properties and Impact

5.2.2 Units and Main Reactor Vessels Used

5.3 Process Conditions

5.4 A Note on Limitations

5.5 The Pyrolysis of End of Life Tires

5.5.1 Importance of Managing End of Life Tires

5.5.2 Origin and Recycling of End of Life Tires

5.6 Case Study: Commissioning a Novel Bench Scale Reactor Unit-SULTAN 1

5.6.1 Work Motivation

5.6.2 Materials

5.6.3 Bench Scale Pyrolysis System Description

5.6.4 Conducted Pyrolysis Reactions

5.6.5 Gas Chromatography Analysis Laboratory Protocol.

5.6.6 Obtained Results

6 Catalytic Conversion and Chemical Recovery

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Catalytic Versus Noncatalytic Pyrolysis

6.2.1 Noncatalytic Pyrolysis

6.2.2 Catalytic Pyrolysis

6.2.3 Differences Between Catalytic and Noncatalytic Pyrolysis

6.2.4 Catalysts

6.2.4.1 Homogeneous Catalytic Process

6.2.4.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Process

6.3 Effect of Operation Variables

6.3.1 Reaction Temperature

6.3.2 Polymer-to-Catalyst Ratio

6.3.3 Polymer Waste Composition

6.3.4 Reaction and Residence Time

6.3.5 Mass and Heat Transfer

6.4 Reactor Types

6.4.1 Fixed and Fluidized Bed Reactors

6.4.2 Conical Spouted Bed Reactor

6.4.3 Batch and Semibatch Reactors

6.4.4 Microwave Assisted Technology

6.5 Processing

6.5.1 Direct Catalytic Pyrolysis

6.5.2 Thermal Pyrolysis With Catalytic Upgrading of Pyrolysis Oil

6.6 Co-processing of Plastics

6.7 Concluding Remarks

7 Fuel Properties Associated With Catalytic Conversion of Plastics

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Pyrolysis Basics

7.2.1 Kinetics

7.2.2 Thermal Degradation

7.2.3 Catalytic Degradation

7.3 Analytical Quantitative and Qualitative Determination of Pyrolysis

7.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis

7.3.2 Pyrolysis-GC/MS

7.3.2.1 Polypropylene and Polyethylene

7.3.2.2 Polystyrene

7.3.2.3 Polyurethane

7.4 Pyrolysis Study of Polypropylene and Polyethylene

7.4.1 Polypropylene

7.4.1.1 Fuel Properties

7.4.1.2 Gasoline and Diesel Products From Distillation of Medicine Bottles-Polypropylene

7.4.1.3 Size Exclusion Chromatography Analysis

7.4.1.4 Simulated Distillation by GC-FID

7.4.1.5 Chemical Characterization of Plastic Oil Fractions

7.4.1.5.1 NMR and IR Analysis.

7.4.1.5.2 Properties of Gasoline and Diesel Fractions

7.4.1.5.3 Hydroprocessing

7.4.2 Polyethylene

7.4.2.1 Gasoline and Diesel Products From Distillation of Green Plastics-High-Density Polyethylene

7.4.2.2 Size Exclusion Chromatography Analysis

7.4.2.3 Elemental Analysis

7.4.2.4 Simulated Distillation

7.4.2.5 Fuel Analysis

7.4.2.5.1 NMR and FT-IR Analysis

7.4.2.5.2 Properties of Gasoline and Diesel Fractions

7.4.2.5.3 Hydroprocessing

7.5 Comparison of Pyrolysis Oil Fuel Blends With Commercial Fuel

7.5.1 Properties of Pyrolyzed Polypropylene Samples and Comparison to Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

7.5.2 Properties of Blends With Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

7.6 Techno-Economic Analysis

7.6.1 Estimation of Capital Investment

7.6.2 Major Equipment

7.6.3 Manufacturing Costs

7.6.4 Variable Production Cost

7.6.4.1 Materials Cost

7.6.4.2 Utilities

7.6.4.3 Operation/Maintenance Cost

7.6.4.4 Labor Costs

7.6.4.5 Fixed Charges

7.6.4.6 Cash Flow

7.7 Conclusions and Future prospects

8 Design and Limitations in Polymer Cracking Fluidized Beds for Energy Recovery

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Fluidization Phenomena and Fluidized Bed Reactors

8.3 Advantages and Limitations of Using the Fluidized Beds for Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste

8.4 Factors Affecting Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis in Fluidised Beds

8.5 Thermal Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Waste in the Fluidized Bed Reactor

8.6 Conclusions

9 Kinetic Studies Related to Polymer Degradation and Stability

9.1 Importance and Concept of Degradation Kinetics

9.1.1 Major Influencing Variables and Mathematical Derivation

9.1.2 Main Kinetics Analysis Methods

9.1.3 Multiple Step Degradation Kinetics

9.2 Limitations and Considerations in Procedures for Kinetic Experiments.

9.3 Plastics Degradation Kinetics in Various Reaction Conditions

9.3.1 Kinetic Parameters and Degradation Mechanism Modeling of Polymers Pyrolysis

9.3.2 Kinetic Analysis In Laboratory Scale Experiments

9.3.3 Kinetic Analysis In Reactive Atmospheres

9.4 Case Study: Isothermal Degradation Reaction Kinetics of Polyethylene in Pyrolysis TG

9.4.1 Review of Isothermal Kinetics in Context of Polymer Degradation

9.4.2 Materials and Experimental Set-up

9.4.3 Polymer Loss and Product Formation Patterns

9.4.4 Mathematical Modeling and Kinetic Parameters Estimation

9.4.5 Main Results of Case Study

10 Gasification of Plastic Solid Waste and Competitive Technologies

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Gasification

10.2.1 Types of Gasifier

10.2.1.1 Fixed/Moving Bed Gasifier

10.2.1.2 Fluidized Bed Gasifier

10.2.1.3 Spouted Bed Gasifier

10.2.2 Gasification Operating Conditions

10.2.2.1 Equivalence Ratio

10.2.2.2 Operating Temperature

10.2.2.3 Gasifying Agents

10.2.2.4 Operating Pressure

10.2.2.5 Feedstock

10.2.3 Challenges in Gasification of Plastic Waste

10.2.3.1 Tar Removal, Gas Cleaning Techniques and Agglomeration Solution

10.2.3.2 Development of Two-Stage Gasifier for Plastic Gasification

10.2.3.3 Cogasification of Plastic with Other Solid Fuels

10.3 Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes

10.3.1 Characterization of Products from Pyrolysis

10.3.2 Factors Affecting Plastic Pyrolysis

10.3.2.1 Temperature

10.3.2.2 Type of Plastic

10.3.2.3 Residence Time

10.3.2.4 Pressure

10.3.2.5 Catalysts

10.3.2.6 Reactor Type

10.4 Plasma Gasification

10.4.1 Effects of Operating Parameters on Plasma Gasification

10.5 Summary

Acknowledgment

References.

11 The Valorization of Plastic Via Thermal Means: Industrial Scale Combustion Methods.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

9780128131411

0128131411

9780128131404

0128131403

OCLC:

1061860543