Electrocatalysts for low temperature fuel cells : fundamentals and recent trends / edited by Thandavarayan Maiyalagan and Viswanathan S. Saji.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Maiyalagan, Thandavarayan, editor.

Saji, Viswanathan S., editor.

Series:

THEi Wiley ebooks.

THEi Wiley ebooks

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Fuel cells.

Low temperature engineering.

Physical Description:

1 online resource

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Weinheim, [Germany] : Wiley-VCH, 2017.

System Details:

Access using campus network via VPN at home (THEi Users Only).

Summary:

Meeting the need for a text on solutions to conditions which have so far been a drawback for this important and trend-setting technology, this monograph places special emphasis on novel, alternative catalysts of low temperature fuel cells. Comprehensive in its coverage, the text discusses not only the electrochemical, mechanistic, and material scientific background, but also provides extensive chapters on the design and fabrication of electrocatalysts. A valuable resource aimed at multidisciplinary audiences in the fields of academia and industry.

Contents:

Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells: Fundamentals and Recent Trends

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

1: Principle of Low-temperature Fuel Cells Using an Ionic Membrane

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Thermodynamic Data and Theoretical Energy Efficiency under Equilibrium (j = 0)

1.2.1 Hydrogen/oxygen Fuel Cell

1.2.2 Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell

1.3 Electrocatalysis and the Rate of Electrochemical Reactions

1.3.1 Establishment of the Butler-Volmer Law (Charge Transfer Overpotential)

1.3.2 Mass Transfer Limitations (Concentration Overpotential)

1.3.3 Cell Voltage versus Current Density Curves

1.3.4 Energy Efficiency under Working Conditions ( j≠0)

1.3.4.1 Hydrogen/oxygen Fuel Cell

1.3.4.2 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell

1.4 Influence of the Properties of the PEMFC Components (Electrode Catalyst Structure, Membrane Resistance, and Mass Transfer Limitations) on the Polarization Curves

1.4.1 Influence of the Catalytic Properties of Electrodes

1.4.2 Influence of the Membrane-specific Resistance

1.4.3 Influence of the Mass Transfer Limitations

1.5 Representative Examples of Low-temperature Fuel Cells

1.5.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell for Portable Electronics

1.5.2 Hydrogen/air PEMFC for the Electrical Vehicle

1.6 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

2: Research Advancements in Low-temperature Fuel Cells

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

2.2.1 Current Scenario

2.2.2 Ideal Properties for Electrocatalyst, Catalyst Support, and Current Collectors for Market Entry

2.2.3 Role of Nanomaterials in Bringing Down Pt Loading

2.2.4 Types of Catalyst Supports (Activated Carbon, CNT, Graphene, etc.)

2.2.5 Non-Pt-Based Catalysts

2.2.6 Catalyst Corrosion and Fuel Cell Life (Protocols for Testing)

2.2.7 Type of Fuels (Alcohols).

2.3 Alkaline Fuel Cells

2.3.1 Fuels for Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells

2.3.2 Types of Catalysts

2.3.3 Types of Membranes

2.3.4 System Development

2.4 Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells

2.4.1 Catalyst Development

2.4.2 System Development

2.5 Regenerative Fuel Cells

2.5.1 Electrocatalysts

2.5.2 System Development

2.6 Conclusions and Outlook

3: Electrocatalytic Reactions Involved in Low-temperature Fuel Cells

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Preparation and Characterization of Pt-based Plurimetallic Electrocatalysts

3.2.1 Preparation Methods of the Catalysts

3.2.1.1 Electrochemical Deposition

3.2.1.2 Impregnation-Reduction Methods

3.2.1.3 Colloidal Methods

3.2.1.4 Carbonyl Complex Route

3.2.1.5 Plasma-enhanced PVD

3.2.2 Characterization of Catalysts and Determination of Reaction Mechanisms by Physicochemical Methods

3.2.2.1 Physicochemical Characterizations

3.2.2.2 Electrochemical Measurements: Cyclic Voltammetry and CO Stripping

3.2.2.3 Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (EMIRS, FTIRS)

3.2.2.4 Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry

3.2.2.5 Chromatographic Techniques

3.3 Mechanisms of the Electrocatalytic Reactions Involved in Low-temperature Fuel Cells

3.3.1 Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen

3.3.2 Electrocatalytic Reduction of Dioxygen

3.3.3 Electrocatalysis of CO Oxidation

3.3.4 Oxidation of Alcohols in a Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell (DMFC, DEFC)

3.3.4.1 Oxidation of Methanol

3.3.4.2 Oxidation of Ethanol

3.4 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgment

4: Direct Hydrocarbon Low-temperature Fuel Cell

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

4.2.1 Efficiency of DMFC

4.2.2 Methanol Crossover

4.2.3 Catalyst for Methanol Electrooxidation

4.3 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell.

4.3.1 Proton Exchange Membrane-based DEFC

4.3.2 Anion Exchange Membrane-based DEFC

4.3.3 Ethanol Crossover

4.3.4 Catalyst for Ethanol Electrooxidation

4.4 Direct Ethylene Glycol Fuel Cell

4.4.1 Proton Exchange Membrane-based DEGFC

4.4.2 Anion Exchange Membrane-based DEGFC

4.4.3 Catalyst for Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation

4.5 Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cell

4.5.1 Catalyst for Formic Acid Electrooxidation

4.6 Direct Glucose Fuel Cell

4.7 Commercialization Status of DHFC

4.8 Conclusions and Outlook

5: The Oscillatory Electrooxidation of Small Organic Molecules

5.1 Introduction

5.2 In Situ and Online Approaches

5.3 The Effect of Temperature

5.4 Modified Surfaces

5.5 Conclusions and Outlook

6: Degradation Mechanism of Membrane Fuel Cells with Monoplatinum and Multicomponent Cathode Catalysts

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Synthesis and Experimental Methods of Studying Catalytic Systems under Model Conditions

6.2.1 Synthesis Methods Followed

6.2.1.1 Polyol Technique of Synthesis of Pt/C Catalysts

6.2.1.2 Thermochemical Method of Synthesis of Bi- and Trimetallic Catalysts

6.2.2 Electrochemical Research Methods

6.2.3 Structural Research Methods

6.3 Characteristics of Commercial and Synthesized Catalysts

6.3.1 Corrosion Stability of CMs (Supports)

6.3.1.1 Electrochemical Corrosion Exposure

6.3.1.2 Chemical Corrosion Exposure

6.3.2 Electrochemical and Structural Characteristics of Catalytic Systems

6.3.2.1 Monometallic Catalysts with Pt Content of 20 and 40 wt.%

6.3.2.2 Bimetallic Catalytic Systems (PtM)

6.3.2.3 Trimetallic Catalysts (PtCoCr/C)

6.4 Methods of Testing Catalysts within FC MEAs

6.5 Mechanism of Degradation Phenomenon in MEAs with Commercial Pt/C Catalysts.

6.6 Characteristics of MEAs with 40Pt/CNT-T-based Cathode

6.7 Characteristics of MEAs with 50PtCoCr/C-based Cathodes

6.8 Conclusions and Outlook

7: Recent Developments in Electrocatalysts and Hybrid Electrocatalyst Support Systems for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Current State of Pt and Non-Pt Electrocatalysts Support Systems for PEFC

7.3 Novel Pt Electrocatalysts

7.3.1 1D, 2D, and 3D Nanostructures

7.4 Pt-based Electrocatalysts on Novel Carbon Supports

7.4.1 Mesoporous Carbon Supports

7.4.2 Carbon Nanotube Supports

7.4.3 Graphene-based Supports

7.5 Pt-based Electrocatalysts on Novel Carbon-free Supports

7.5.1 Tungsten Oxides and Carbides

7.5.2 Tin Oxide Supports

7.5.3 Titanium Nitride Supports

7.5.4 Doped Metal-based Supports

7.5.4.1 Doped Tin Oxide

7.5.4.2 Doped Titanium Dioxide

7.6 Pt-free Metal Electrocatalysts

7.6.1 Metal on Novel Carbon Supports

7.6.2 Metal on Novel Carbon-free Supports

7.7 Influence of Support: Electrocatalyst-Support Interactions and Effect of Surface Functional Groups

7.7.1 Enhancing Electrocatalytic Activity

7.7.2 Enhancing CO Tolerance

7.8 Hybrid Catalyst Support Systems

7.8.1 Carbon-enriched Metal-based Supports

7.8.2 Polymers in Catalyst Support Systems

7.8.3 Polyoxometalates Liquid Catholytes

7.9 Conclusions and Outlook

8: Role of Catalyst Supports: Graphene Based Novel Electrocatalysts

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Graphene-based Cathode Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

8.2.1 Graphene-supported Nonnoble Metal ORR Catalysts

8.2.1.1 Transition Metal-Nitrogen (N) Graphene Catalysts

8.2.1.2 Graphene-supported Metal Oxide/Sulfide Nanocomposites

8.2.2 Graphene-supported Noble Metal Catalysts

8.2.2.1 Graphene-supported Pt/Pt-alloy ORR Catalysts.

8.2.2.2 Graphene-supported Other Metal Alloys as ORR Catalysts

8.3 Graphene-based Anode Catalysts

8.3.1 Graphene-based Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation Reaction

8.3.2 Graphene-based Catalysts for Ethanol Oxidation Reaction

8.3.3 Graphene-based Catalysts for Formic Acid Oxidation Reaction

8.4 Conclusions and Outlook

9: Recent Progress in Nonnoble Metal Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction for Alkaline Fuel Cells

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells

9.1.2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction

9.2 Nonnoble Metal Electrocatalysts

9.2.1 Carbon-supported Metal-Nb Matrix

9.2.1.1 Fundamental Overview

9.2.1.2 Proposed Active Sites

9.2.1.3 Synthesis Methods

9.2.2 Transition Metal Oxides

9.2.3 Transition Metal Chalcogenides

9.2.4 Transition Metal Carbides/Nitrides/Oxynitrides

9.2.4.1 Transition Metal Carbides

9.2.4.2 Transition Metal Nitrides/Oxynitrides

9.2.5 Perovskites

9.2.6 Metal-free Electrocatalysts

9.2.6.1 Carbon Nanotube-based Metal-free Electrocatalysts

9.2.6.2 Graphene-based Metal-free Electrocatalysts

9.2.6.3 Other Types of Metal-free Carbon Electrocatalysts

9.3 Conclusions and Outlook

10: Anode Electrocatalysts for Direct Borohydride and Direct Ammonia Borane Fuel Cells

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Direct Borohydride (and Ammonia Borane) Fuel Cells

10.2.1 Basics of DBFC and DABFC

10.2.2 Main Issues of the DBFC and DABFC

10.3 Mechanistic Investigations of the BOR and BH3OR at Noble Electrocatalysts

10.3.1 Different Families of (Electro)Catalysts for the BOR

10.3.2 BOR Mechanism at Pt Surfaces

10.3.3 The issue of H2 Generation (and Possible Oxidation) during the BOR

10.3.4 Effects of the Mass Transfer, Pt Loading, and Active Layer Thickness on the BOR

10.3.5 Does the BH3OR Mechanism Differ from the BOR?.

10.4 Toward Ideal Anode of DBFC and DABFC.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed May 29, 2017).

ISBN:

9783527803897

3527803890

9783527803866

3527803866

9783527712748

3527712747

9783527803873

3527803874

OCLC:

987088412