Guidelines for pressure relief and effluent handling systems / Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Center for Chemical Process Safety, issuing body.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Chemical plants--Waste disposal.

Chemical plants.

Hazardous wastes--Management.

Hazardous wastes.

Relief valves.

Sewage disposal.

Physical Description:

1 online resource.

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

New York, New York : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, [2017]

Summary:

Providing in-depth guidance on how to design and rate emergency pressure relief systems, Guidelines for Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems incorporates the current best designs from the Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems as well as American Petroleum Institute (API) standards. Presenting a methodology that helps properly size all the components in a pressure relief system, the book includessoftware with the CCFlow suite of design tools and the new Superchems for DIERS Lite software, making this an essential resource for engineers designing chemical plants, refineries, and similar facilities. Access to Software Access the Guidelines for Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Software and documents using a web browser at: http://www.aiche.org/ccps/PRTools Each folder will have a readme file and installation instructions for the program. After downloading SuperChems™ for DIERS Lite the purchaser of this book must contact the AIChE Customer Service with the numeric code supplied within the book. The purchaser will then be supplied with a license code to be able to install and run SuperChems™ for DIERS Lite. Only one license per purchaser will be issued.

Contents:

Intro

GUIDELINES FOR PRESSURE RELIEF AND EFFLUENT HANDLING SYSTEMS

Dedications

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

Acknowledgements

In Memoriam

Files on the Web Accompanying This Book

1 Introduction

1.1 Objective

1.2 Scope

1.3 Design Codes and Regulations, and Sources of Information

1.4 Organization of This Book

1.5 General Pressure and Relief System Design Criteria

1.5.1 Process Hazard Analysis

1.5.2 Process Safety Information

1.5.3 Problems Inherent in Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems

2 Relief Design Criteria and Strategy

2.1 Limitations of the Technology

2.2 General Pressure Relief Strategy

2.2.1 Mechanism of Pressure Relief

2.2.2 Approach to Design

2.2.3 Limitations of Systems Actuated by Pressure

2.3 Codes, Standards, and Guidelines

2.3.1 Scope of Principal USA Documents

2.3.2 General Provisions

2.3.3 Protection by System Design

2.4 Relief Device Types and Operation

2.4.1 General Terminology

2.4.2 Pressure Relief Valves

2.4.3 Rupture Disk Devices

2.4.4 Devices in Combination (Series)

2.4.5 Low Pressure Relief Valves &amp

Vents

2.4.6 Miscellaneous Relief System Components

2.4.7 Selection of Pressure Relief Devices

2.5 Relief System Layout

2.5.1 General Code Requirements

2.5.2 Pressure Relief Valves

2.5.3 Rupture Disk Devices

2.5.4 Low-Pressure Devices

2.5.5 Devices in Series

2.5.6 Devices in Parallel

2.5.7 Header Systems

2.5.8 Mechanical Integrity

2.5.9 Material Selection

2.5.10 Drainage and Freeze-up Provisions

2.5.11 Noise

2.6 Design Flows and Code Provisions

2.6.1 Safety Valves

2.6.2 Incompressible Liquid Flow

2.6.3 Low Pressure Devices

2.6.4 Rupture Disk Devices

2.6.5 Devices in Combination

2.6.6 Miscellaneous Nonreclosing Devices.

2.7 Scenario Selection Considerations

2.7.1 Events Requiring Relief Due to Overpressure

2.7.2 Design Scenarios

2.8 Fluid Properties and System Characterization

2.8.1 Property Data Sources/Determination/Estimation

2.8.2 Pure-Component Properties

2.8.3 Mixture Properties

2.8.4 Phase Behavior

2.8.5 Chemical Reaction

2.8.6 Miscellaneous Fluid Characteristics

2.9 Fluid Behavior in Vessel

2.9.1 Accounting for Chemical Reactions

2.9.2 Two-Phase Venting Conditions and Effects

2.10 Flow of Fluids Through Relief Systems

2.10.1 Conditions for Two-Phase Flow

2.10.2 Nature of Compressible Flow

2.10.3 Stagnation Pressure and Non-recoverable Pressure Loss

2.10.4 Flow Rate to Effluent Handling System

2.11 Relief System Reliability

2.11.1 Relief Device Reliability

2.11.2 System Reliability

3 Requirements for Relief System Design

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Required Background

3.2 Vessel Venting Background

3.2.1 General Considerations

3.2.2 Schematics and Principle Variables, Properties and Parameters

3.2.3 Basic Mass and Energy Balances

3.2.4 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

3.2.5 Energy Input or Output

3.2.6 Solution Methods Using Computer Tools

3.2.7 Mass and Energy Balance Simplifications

3.2.8 Limiting Cases

3.2.9 Vapor/Liquid Disengagement

3.3 Venting Requirements for Nonreacting Cases

3.3.1 Heating or Cooling of a Constant Volume Vessel

3.3.2 Excess Inflow/Outflow

3.3.3 Additional Techniques and Considerations

3.4 Calorimetry for Emergency Relief System Design

3.4.1 Executive Summary

3.4.2 Runaway Reaction Effects

3.4.3 Reaction Basics

3.4.4 Reaction Screening and Chemistry Identification

3.4.5 Measuring Reaction Rates

3.4.6 Experimental Test Design

3.4.7 Calorimetry Data Interpretation and Analysis.

3.5 Venting Requirements for Reactive Cases

3.5.1 Executive Summary

3.5.2 Overview of Reactive Relief Load

3.5.3 Analytical Methods

3.5.4 Dynamic Computer Modeling

3.5.5 Closing Comment

4 Methods for Relief System Design

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Relief System Sizing Computational Strategy and Tools for Relief Design

4.2 Manual and Spreadsheet Methods for Relief Valve Sizing

4.2.1 Relief Valve Sizing Fundamental Equations

4.2.2 Two-Phase Flow Methods

4.2.3 Relief Valve Sizing - Discharge Coefficient

4.2.4 Relief Valve Sizing - Choking in Nozzle and Valve Exit

4.3 Miscellaneous

4.3.1 Low-Pressure Devices - Liquid Flow

4.3.2 Low-Pressure Devices - Gas Flow

4.3.3 Low-Pressure Devices - Two-Phase Flow

4.3.4 Low-Pressure Devices - Associated Piping

4.4 Piping

4.4.1 Piping - Fundamental Equations

4.4.2 Piping - Pipe Friction Factors

4.4.3 Incompressible (Liquid) Flow

4.4.4 Piping Adiabatic Compressible Flow

4.4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow

4.4.6 Homogeneous Two-Phase Pipe Flow

4.4.7 Piping - Separated Two-Phase Flows

4.4.8 Slip/Holdup

4.4.9 Piping - Temperature Effects

4.5 Rupture Disk Device Systems

4.5.1 Rupture Disks - Nozzle Model

4.5.2 Rupture Disks - Pipe Model

4.6 Multiple Devices

4.6.1 Multiple Devices in Parallel

4.6.2 Multiple Devices - Rupture Disk Device Upstream of a PRV

4.6.3 Multiple Devices - Rupture Disk Device Downstream of a PRV

4.7 Worked Example Index

5 Additional Considerations for Relief System Design

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Reaction Forces

5.3 Background

5.4 Selection of Design Case

5.5 Design Methods

5.5.1 Steady State Exit Force from Flow Discharging to the Atmosphere

5.5.2 Dynamic Load Factor

5.6 Selection of Design Flow Rate and Dynamic Load Factor

5.6.1 Rupture Disks

5.6.2 Safety Relief Valves.

5.7 Transient Forces on Relief Device Discharge Piping

5.7.1 Liquid Relief

5.7.2 Gas Relief

5.7.3 Two-Phase Flow

5.8 Pipe Tension

5.8.1 Safety Relief Valves

5.8.2 Rupture Disks

5.9 Real Gases

5.10 Changes in Pipe Size

5.11 Location of Anchors

5.12 Exit Geometry

5.13 Worked Examples

6 Handling Emergency Relief Effluents

6.1 General Strategy

6.2 Basis for Selection of Equipment

6.3 Determining if Direct Discharge to Atmosphere is Acceptable

6.4 Factors That Influence Selection of Effluent Treatment Systems

6.4.1 Physical and Chemical Properties

6.4.2 Two-Phase Flow and Foaming

6.4.3 Passive or Active Systems

6.4.4 Technology Status and Reliability

6.4.5 Discharging to a Common Collection System

6.4.6 Plant Geography

6.4.7 Space Availability

6.4.8 Turndown

6.4.9 Vapor-Liquid Separation

6.4.10 Possible Condensation and Vapor-Condensate Hammer

6.4.11 Time Availability

6.4.12 Capital and Continuing Costs

6.5 Methods of Effluent Handling

6.5.1 Containment

6.5.2 Direct Discharge to Atmosphere

6.5.3 Vapor-Liquid Separators

6.5.4 Quench Tanks

6.5.5 Scrubbers (Absorbers)

6.5.6 Flares

7 Design Methods for Handling Effluent from Emergency Relief Systems

7.1 Design Basis Selection

7.2 Total Containment Systems

7.2.1 Containment in Original Vessel

7.2.2 Containment in External Vessel (Dump Tank or Catch Tank)

7.3 Relief Devices, Discharge Piping, and Collection Headers

7.3.1 Corrosion

7.3.2 Brittle Metal Fracture

7.3.3 Deposition

7.3.4 Vibration

7.3.5 Cleaning

7.4 Vapor-Liquid Gravity Separators

7.4.1 Separator Inlet Velocity Considerations

7.4.2 Horizontal Gravity Separators

7.4.3 Vertical Gravity Separators

7.4.4 Separator Safety Considerations and Features

7.4.5 Separator Vessel Design and Instrumentation.

7.5 Cyclone Separators

7.5.1 Droplet Removal Efficiency

7.5.2 Design Procedure

7.5.3 Cyclone Separator Sizing Procedure

7.5.4 Alternate Cyclone Separator Design Procedure

7.5.5 Cyclone Reaction Force

7.6 Quench Pools

7.6.1 Design Procedure Overview

7.6.2 Design Parameter Interrelations

7.6.3 Quench Pool Liquid Selection

7.6.4 Quench Tank Operating Pressure

7.6.5 Quench Pool Heat Balance

7.6.6 Quench Pool Dimensions

7.6.7 Sparger Design

7.6.8 Handling Effluent from Multiple Relief Devices

7.6.9 Reverse Flow Problems

7.6.10 Vapor-Condensate Hammer

7.6.11 Mechanical Design Loads

7.6.12 Worked Example Index for Discharge Handling System Design

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Glossary

Nomenclature

Appendix A: SuperChems™ for DIERS Lite - Description and Instructions

A.1 Scope

A.2 Software Functions

A.2.1 Source Term Flow Calculation

A.2.2 Emergency Relief Requirement Calculations

A.2.3 Physical Properties

A.2.4 Piping Isometrics

A.2.5 Specifying Vessel Designs

A.3 Installing and Running SuperChems™

Appendix B: CCFlow, TPHEM and COMFLOW Description and Instructions

B.1 Scope

B.1.1 Uncertainties

B.2 CCFlow Calculation Options

B.2.1 Opening and Running CCFlow

B.2.2 File Operations

B.2.3 Help Files

B.2.4 Other Operations

B.2.5 CCFlow Input Menu Errata

B.3 TPHEM Calculation Options

B.3.1 Running TPHEM with File Input

B.4 COMFLOW Calculation Options

B.4.1 Running COMFLOW

Appendix C: SuperChems™ for DIERS - Description and Instructions

C.1 Scope

C.2 Software Functions

C.2.1 Main Menu Tabs

C.2.2 Define Tab

C.2.3 Dynamic Flow Simulation

C.2.4 Steady-State Flow Calculations

C.2.5 Properties Tab

C.2.6 VLE Tab

C.3 Installing and Running SuperChems™

Appendix D: Venting Requirements.

D.1 Worked Examples - Emergency Venting.

Notes:

Errata updated May 24, 2022.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781523125562

152312556X

9781119330264

1119330262

9781119330295

1119330297

OCLC:

993775628