How to read a paper : the basics of evidence-based medicine and healthcare / Trisha Greenhalgh.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Greenhalgh, Trisha, author.

Contributor:

EBSCOhost.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Medical literature.

Physical Description:

1 online resource

polychrome

Edition:

Sixth edition.

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, NJ : Wiley Blackwell, 2019.

System Details:

text file

Contents:

Chapter 1 Why read papers at all? p. 1

Does 'evidence-based medicine' simply mean 'reading papers in medical journals'? p. 1

Why do people sometimes groan when you mention evidence-based healthcare? p. 4

Before you start: formulate the problem p. 11

Exercises based on this chapter p. 13

Chapter 2 Searching the literature p. 16

What are you looking for? p. 17

Levels upon levels of evidence p. 18

Synthesised sources: systems, summaries and syntheses p. 19

Pre-appraised sources: synopses of systematic reviews and primary studies p. 22

Specialised resources p. 23

Primary studies - tackling the jungle p. 23

One-stop shopping: federated search engines p. 25

Asking for help and asking around p. 26

Online tutorials for effective searching p. 26

Exercises based on this chapter p. 27

Chapter 3 Getting your bearings: what is this paper about? p. 29

The science of 'trashing' papers p. 29

Three preliminary questions to get your bearings p. 31

Randomised controlled trials p. 35

Cohort studies p. 38

Case-control studies p. 40

Cross-sectional surveys p. 41

Case reports p. 41

The traditional hierarchy of evidence p. 42

Exercises based on this chapter p. 43

Chapter 4 Assessing methodological quality p. 45

Was the study original? p. 45

Whom is the study about? p. 46

Was the design of the study sensible? p. 47

Was bias avoided or minimised? p. 49

Was assessment 'blind'? p. 53

Were preliminary statistical questions addressed? p. 54

A note on ethical considerations p. 57

Exercises based on this chapter p. 59

Chapter 5 Statistics for the non-statistician p. 62

How can non-statisticians evaluate statistical tests? p. 62

Have the authors set the scene correctly? p. 64

Paired data, tails and outliers p. 69

Correlation, regression and causation p. 71

Probability and confidence p. 73

Exercises based on this chapter p. 77

Chapter 6 Papers that report trials of drug treatments and other simple interventions p. 79

'Evidence' and marketing p. 79

Making decisions about therapy p. 82

Surrogate endpoints p. 82

What information to expect in a paper describing a randomised controlled trial: the CONSORT statement p. 86

Getting worthwhile evidence from pharmaceutical representatives p. 86

Exercises based on this chapter p. 89

Chapter 7 Papers that report trials of complex interventions p. 92

Complex interventions p. 92

Ten questions to ask about a paper describing a complex intervention p. 94

Exercises based on this chapter p. 99

Chapter 8 Papers that report diagnostic or screening tests p. 101

Ten men in the dock p. 101

Validating diagnostic tests against a gold standard p. 102

Ten questions to ask about a paper that claims to validate a diagnostic or screening test p. 107

Likelihood ratios p. 111

Clinical prediction rules p. 113

Exercises based on this chapter p. 114

Chapter 9 Papers that summarise other papers (systematic reviews and meta-analyses) p. 117

When is a review systematic? p. 117

Evaluating systematic reviews p. 120

Meta-analysis for the non-statistician p. 125

Explaining heterogeneity p. 130

New approaches to systematic review p. 132

Exercises based on this chapter p. 133

Chapter 10 Papers that tell you what to do (guidelines) p. 137

The great guidelines debate p. 137

Ten questions to ask about a clinical guideline p. 141

Exercises based on this chapter p. 147

Chapter 11 Papers that tell you what things cost (economic analyses) p. 150

What is economic analysis? p. 150

Measuring the costs and benefits of health interventions p. 152

A note on 'Choosing Wisely' p. 157

Ten questions to ask about an economic analysis p. 157

Exercises based on this chapter p. 162

Chapter 12 Papers that go beyond numbers (qualitative research) p. 165

What is qualitative research? p. 165

Ten questions to ask about a qualitative research paper p. 169

Exercises based on this chapter p. 176

Chapter 13 Papers that report questionnaire research p. 179

The rise and rise of questionnaire research p. 179

Ten questions to ask about a paper describing a questionnaire study p. 180

Exercises based on this chapter p. 189

Chapter 14 Papers that report quality improvement case studies p. 191

What are quality improvement studies, and how should we research them? p. 191

Ten questions to ask about a paper describing a quality improvement initiative p. 193

Exercises based on this chapter p. 200

Chapter 15 Papers that describe genetic association studies p. 203

The three eras of human genetic studies (so far) p. 203

What is a genome-wide association study (GWAS)? p. 204

Clinical applications of GWAS p. 207

Direct-to-consumer genetic testing p. 209

Mendelian randomisation studies p. 210

Epigenetics - a space to watch p. 211

Ten questions to ask about a genetic association study p. 212

Exercises based on this chapter p. 216

Chapter 16 Applying evidence with patients p. 219

The patient perspective p. 219

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) p. 221

Shared decision-making p. 222

Option grids p. 223

N of 1 trials and other individualised approaches p. 227

Exercises based on this chapter p. 228

Chapter 17 Criticisms of evidence-based healthcare p. 232

What's wrong with EBHC when it's done badly? p. 232

What's wrong with EBHC when it's done well? p. 235

Why is 'evidence-based policymaking' so hard to achieve? p. 238

Exercises based on this chapter p. 239.

Notes:

Electronic reproduction. Ipswich, MA Available via World Wide Web.

Online resource; title from PDF title page (EBSCO, viewed April 9, 2019)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9781119484721

1119484723

Publisher Number:

99980746731

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.