Pharma-ecology : the occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment / Patrick K. Jjemba.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Jjemba, Patrick K., author.

Contributor:

Louis B. Flexner Medical Book Fund.

Wiley InterScience (Online service)

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Drugs--Toxicology.

Drugs.

Hygiene products--Toxicology.

Hygiene products.

Drugs--Environmental aspects.

Hygiene products--Environmental aspects.

Environmental toxicology.

Environmental Pollutants--adverse effects.

Environmental Pollutants--analysis.

Pharmaceutical Preparations--analysis.

Cosmetics--analysis.

Environmental Monitoring.

Toxicology.

Medical Subjects:

Environmental Pollutants--adverse effects.

Environmental Pollutants--analysis.

Pharmaceutical Preparations--analysis.

Cosmetics--analysis.

Environmental Monitoring.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xi, 400 pages.)

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, 2019.

System Details:

text file

Contents:

1 Usage of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products p. 1

1.1 Pharmaceutical Consumption Trends p. 9

2 Most Prescribed Pharmaceuticals and Related Endpoints p. 15

2.1 Antihypertensive and Cardiovascular p. 16

2.2 Anxiolytic Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Antipsychotics p. 21

2.3 Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Drugs p. 29

3 Usage of Antimicrobial Agents and Related Endpoints p. 39

3.1 Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibiting Antibiotics p. 41

3.2 Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis p. 46

3.3 Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors p. 60

3.4 Antagonism to Metabolic Processes p. 67

3.5 Antibiotics that Disrupt Membrane Integrity p. 68

3.6 Other Antimicrobials p. 69

4 Usage of Other Groups of Pharmaceuticals and Related Endpoints p. 75

4.1 Gastrointestinal Drugs p. 76

4.2 Antidiabetic Drugs p. 78

4.3 Diuretics and Electrolytes p. 79

4.4 Thyroid System Medication p. 81

4.5 Respiratory Drugs p. 82

4.6 Oral Contraceptive and Reproductive Therapeutics p. 84

4.7 Biophosphonates and Other Skeletal Ailment Drugs p. 90

4.8 Steroids p. 91

4.9 Hematologic Drugs p. 94

4.10 Nutritional Drugs p. 94

4.11 Triptans p. 95

4.12 Anesthetics p. 96

4.13 Antineoplastics and Immunosuppressants p. 97

5 Personal Care Products of Environmental Concern p. 103

5.1 Fragrances and Musks p. 104

5.2 Ultraviolet Light Filters p. 111

5.3 Detergents p. 111

5.4 Disinfectants p. 114

6 Detection and Occurrence of PPCPs in the Environment p. 119

6.1 Detection of PPCPs in the Environment p. 123

6.1.1 Detection Using Instrumentation p. 126

6.1.2 Detection Using Bioassays p. 127

6.2 Occurrence of PPCPs in Various Environments p. 131

6.2.1 Aquatic Systems p. 133

6.2.1.1 PPCPs in Wastewater p. 133

6.2.1.2 PPCPs in Surface Water p. 141

6.2.1.3 PPCPs in Groundwater p. 146

6.2.1.4 PPCPs in Potable Water p. 149

6.2.2 Occurrence of PPCPs in Sediments p. 152

6.2.3 Occurrence of PPCPs in Soil p. 152

6.2.4 PPCPs in Aerial Environments p. 154

6.3 Excretion as a Driver of Pharmaceutical Occurrence in the Environment p. 158

7 Ecopharmacokinetics and Ecopharmacodynamics of PPCPs p. 177

7.1 Overview of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics p. 178

7.1.1 PPCP Sorption and Bioavailability in the Environment p. 188

7.1.2 Compound Half-life and Clearance p. 192

7.2 Degradation of PPCPs in the Environment p. 196

7.2.1 Degradation of Antibiotics in the Environment p. 197

7.2.1.1 Degradation of Quinolone Compounds p. 198

7.2.1.2 Fate of ß-Lactams and Cephalosporins p. 199

7.2.1.3 Degradation of Tetracyclines p. 201

7.2.1.4 Degradation of Macrolides p. 203

7.2.1.5 Fate of Other Important Groups of Antibiotics p. 203

7.2.2 Degradation of Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Drugs p. 204

7.2.3 Degradation of Estrogens and Other Reproductive Hormones p. 207

7.2.4 Degradation of Other important Pharmaceuticals p. 210

7.2.5 Degradation of Surfactants p. 210

7.3 Role of Physicochemical Factors in the Fate of PPCPs in the Environment p. 211

7.3.1 Molecular Size as an Attribute to Absorption and Persistence p. 211

7.3.2 Solubility and Hydrolysis p. 212

7.3.3 Effects of Dissociation, Partitioning, and Lipophilicity on Degradability p. 214

7.3.4 Effects of Moisture and Oxygen to the Fate of PPCPs in the Environment p. 217

7.3.5 Effects of Temperature in PPCP Dynamics and Degradation in the Environment p. 218

7.3.6 Other Determinants of PPCP Fate and Persistence in the Environment p. 219

7.3.6.1 Presence of Other Compounds p. 219

7.3.6.2 Photolysis of PPCPs p. 221

8 Ecotoxicity of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products p. 239

8.1 Conventional Assessment of the Risk p. 245

8.2 Ecological Impact of PPCPs on Microorganisms and Microbial Processes p. 250

8.2.1 Antibiotic Resistance p. 250

8.2.1.1 Acquisition of Antibiotic Resistance p. 256

8.2.1.2 Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance p. 256

8.2.2 Biogeochemical Perturbations p. 257

8.3 Effects of PPCPs on Invertebrates p. 259

8.4 PPCP Ecotoxicity on Aquatic Organisms p. 261

8.4.1 Endocrine Disrupters in the Aquatic System p. 264

8.4.2 Effects of Antibiotic Resistance to Aquatic Organisms p. 269

8.4.3 Ecotoxicological Effects of Cosmetics on Aquatic Organisms p. 269

8.4.4 Ecotoxicity of Other PPCPs in Aquatic Organisms p. 270

8.5 Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Terrestrial Wildlife p. 272

8.6 Livestock and Human Health p. 276

8.6.1 Clinical Antibiotic-resistance Cases p. 277

8.6.2 PPCP-related Allergic Reactions p. 282

8.6.3 Endocrine Disruption in Humans and Livestock p. 283

8.6.4 Is There an Association Between PPCPs in the Environment and Some Cancers? p. 284

8.6.5 Other PPCPs of Concern to Humans and Livestock in the Environment p. 286

8.7 Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Vegetation p. 286

8.8 General Considerations in Long-term PPCP Toxicity p. 287

9 Technologies for Removing and Reducing PPCPs in the Environment p. 313

9.1 Conventional Treatment Systems p. 316

9.1.1 Primary Treatment p. 316

9.1.2 Secondary Treatment p. 317

9.1.2.1 Lagoons p. 317

9.1.2.2 Fixed Filter Systems p. 318

9.1.2.3 Suspended Filter Systems p. 319

9.2 Advanced Treatment Processes p. 320

9.2.1 Advanced Filtration Systems p. 321

9.2.1.1 Activated Carbon p. 321

9.2.1.2 Filtration Membranes p. 328

9.2.2 Oxidation Processes p. 338

9.2.2.1 Chlorination p. 338

9.2.2.2 Ozonation p. 340

9.2.3 UV Treatment p. 342

9.2.4 Electrolysis p. 342

9.2.5 Advanced Oxidation Processes p. 344

9.3 Effect of Wastewater Retention Time on PPCP Removal p. 346

9.4 Formulation and Regimen Design for Reduced Environmental Impact p. 347

9.5 Source Separation of Urine and Decentralization Needs p. 348

9.6 Future Technological Trends p. 348

10 Guidelines for a Regulatory Framework on PPCPs in the Environment p. 357

10.1 Improving Assessment of the Risks from PPCPs in the Environment p. 359

10.2 Effect of Mixtures p. 363

10.3 Effects of Chronic Exposure to Low PPCP Doses p. 363

10.4 Use of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Ecotoxicology p. 364

10.5 Toxicogenomic Approaches for Guiding Regulations p. 365

10.6 Social Responsibility in Legislation and Making Policy p. 366

10.7 Drug Approval and Advertising p. 371

10.8 Use of Prescription Records for Mapping PPCPs p. 372.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Electronic reproduction. Hoboken, N.J. Available via World Wide Web.

Description based on print version record.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Louis B. Flexner Medical Book Fund.

Other Format:

Electronic version: Jjemba, Patrick K. Pharma-ecology.

ISBN:

9781119312321

1119312329

Publisher Number:

99979013265

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.