Applied impact mechanics / Dr. C. Lakshmana Rao, Dr. V. Narayanamurthy, Dr. K. R. Y. Simha.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Lakshmana Rao, C., author.

Contributor:

Narayanamurthy, V., editor.

Simha, K. R. Y., editor.

Series:

Ane/Athena Books

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Mechatronics.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (381 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Chichester, West Sussex, England : Wiley, 2016.

Summary:

This book is intended to help the reader understand impact phenomena as a focused application of diverse topics such as rigid body dynamics, structural dynamics, contact and continuum mechanics, shock and vibration, wave propagation and material modelling. It emphasizes the need for a proper assessment of sophisticated experimental/computational tools promoted widely in contemporary design. A unique feature of the book is its presentation of several examples and exercises to aid further understanding of the physics and mathematics of impact process from first principles, in a way that is simple to follow.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Symbols

1: Introduction

1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MECHANICS

1.2 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURE MECHANICS

1.3 IMPACT MECHANICS - Appreciating Impact Problems In Engineering

1.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

1.5 PERCUSSION, CONCUSSION, COLLISION AND EXPLOSION

1.6 SUMMARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

2: Rigid Body Impact Mechanics

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 IMPULSE - MOMENTUM EQUATIONS

2.3 COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION - CLASSICAL DEFINITIONS

2.3.1 Kinematic Coefficient of Restitution

2.3.2 Measurement of Coefficient of Restitution

2.3.3 Relative Assessment of Various Impacts in Sports

2.4 COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION - ALTERNATE DEFINITION

2.4.1 Kinetic Coefficient of Restitution

2.4.1.1 Case Study: Rebound of Colliding Vehicles

2.4.2 Energy Coefficient of Restitution

2.4.2.1 Application in Vehicle Collisions

2.5 OBLIQUE IMPACT - ROLE OF FRICTION

2.6 LIMITATIONS OF RIGID BODY IMPACT MECHANICS

2.7 SUMMARY

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

3: One-Dimensional Impact Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM IDEALIZATION OF IMPACT PROCESS

3.2.1 Governing Equations of Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) System

3.2.2 Forced Vibrations due to Exponentially Decaying Loads

3.3 1-D WAVE PROPAGATION IN SOLIDS INDUCED BY IMPACT

3.3.1 Longitudinal Waves in Thin Rods

3.3.1.1 The Governing Equation for Waves in Long Rods

3.3.1.2 Free Vibrations in a Finite Rod

3.3.2 Flexural Waves in Thin Rods

3.3.2.1 The Governing Equation for Flexural Waves in Rods

3.3.2.2 Free Vibrations of Finite Beams

3.3.3 The D'Alembert's Solution for Wave Equation

3.4 SUMMARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

4: Multi-Dimensional Impact Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 ANALYSIS OF STRESS

4.2.1 Stress Components on an Arbitrary Plane

4.2.2 Principal Stresses and Stress Invariants

4.2.3 Mohr's Circles

4.2.4 Octahedral Stresses

4.2.5 Decomposition into Hydrostatic and Pure Shear States

4.2.6 Equations of Motion of a Body in Cartesian Coordinates

4.2.7 Equations of Motion of a Body in Cylindrical Coordinates

4.2.8 Equations of Motion of a Body in Spherical Coordinates

4.3 ANALYSIS OF STRAIN

4.3.1 Deformation in the Neighborhood of a Point

4.3.2 Compatibility Equations

4.3.3 Strain Deviator

4.4 LINEARISED STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS

4.4.1 Stress-Strain Relations for Isotropic Materials

4.5 WAVES IN INFINITE MEDIUM

4.5.1 Longitudinal Waves (Primary/Dilatational/Irrotational Waves)

4.5.1.1 Longitudinal Waves

4.5.1.2 The Governing Equations for Longitudinal Waves (Graff, 1991)

4.5.2 Transverse Waves (Secondary/Shear/Distortional/Rotational Wave)

4.5.2.1 Transverse Waves

4.5.2.2 The Governing Equations for Transverse Waves

4.6 WAVES IN SEMI-INFINITE MEDIA

4.6.1 Surface Waves

4.6.2 Symmetric Rayleigh-Lamb Spectrum in Elastic Layer (Graff, 1991)

4.7 SUMMARY

5: Experimental Impact Mechanics

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 QUASI-STATIC MATERIAL TESTS

5.3 PENDULUM IMPACT TESTS

5.4 ABOUT HIGH STRAIN RATE TESTING OF MATERIALS

5.5 SPLIT HOPKINSON'S PRESSURE BAR TEST

5.5.1 Historical Background and Significance

5.5.2 Improvements in SHPB Test Apparatus

5.5.3 Principle of SHPB Test

5.5.4 Theory Behind SHPB

5.5.5 Design of Pressure Bars for a SHPB Apparatus

5.5.6 Applications, Availability and Few Results

5.6 TAYLOR CYLINDER IMPACT TEST

5.6.1 Methodology

5.6.2 Strain Rates

5.6.3 Limitations and Improvements.

5.6.4 Case Study-1: Experiments with a Paraffin Wax

5.6.5 Case Study-2: Experiments with Steel Cylinders

5.7 DROP IMPACT TEST

5.7.1 Drop Specimen Test

5.7.1.1 Few Standards for DST by Free Fall

5.7.1.2 Experimental Setup for DST

5.7.1.3 DST Procedure

5.7.1.4 A Case Study: DST of a helicopter in NASA in a bid to improve safety

5.7.2 Drop Weight Test (DWT)

5.7.2.1 Experimental Setup for DWT

5.7.2.2 Case Study-1: DWT to study fracture process in structural concrete

5.7.2.3 Case Study-2: DWT tower for applying both compressive and tensile dynamic loads

5.8 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

6: Modeling Deformation and Failure Under Impact

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 EQUATION OF STATE

6.2.1 Gruneisen Parameter

6.2.2 Shock-Hugoniot Curve

6.2.3 Rankine-Hugoniot Conditions

6.2.4 Mie-Gruneisen (Shock) Equation of State

6.2.4.1 Implementation of Mie-Gruneisen Equation of State

6.2.5 Murnaghan Equation of State

6.2.6 Linear Equation of State

6.2.7 Polynomial Equation of State

6.2.8 High Explosive Equation of State

6.3 CONSTITUTIVE MODELS FOR MATERIAL DEFORMATION AND PLASTICITY

6.3.1 Plasticity

6.3.2 Plastic Isotropic or Kinematic Hardening Material Model

6.3.3 Thermo-Elastic-Plastic Material Model

6.3.4 Power-Law Isotropic Plasticity Material Model

6.3.5 Johnson-Cook Material Model

6.3.5.1 Determination of Parameters in Johnson-Cook Material Model

6.3.6 Zerilli-Armstrong Material Model

6.3.6.1 Modified Zerilli-Armstrong Material Model

6.3.6.2 Determination of Parameters in Zerilli-Armstrong Material Model

6.3.7 Combined Johnson-Cook and Zerilli-Armstrong Material Model

6.3.8 Steinberg-Guinan Material Model

6.3.9 Barlat's 3 Parameter Plasticity Material Model

6.3.10 Orthotropic Material Model

6.3.11 Summary of Material Models.

6.4 FAILURE/DAMAGE MODELS

6.4.1 Void Growth and Fracture Strain Model

6.4.1.1 Void Growth Model

6.4.1.2 Fracture Strain Model

6.4.2 Johnson-Cook Failure Model

6.4.3 Unified Model of Visco-plasticity and Ductile Damage

6.4.4 Johnson-Holmquist Concrete Damage Model

6.4.4.1 Determination of Parameters in Johnson-Holmquist Concrete Damage Model

6.4.5 Chang-Chang Composite Damage Model

6.4.6 Orthotropic Damage Model

6.4.7 Plastic Strain Limit Damage Model

6.4.8 Material Stress/Strain Limit Damage Model

6.4.9 Implementation of Damage

6.4.9.1 Discrete Technique

6.4.9.2 Operator Split Technique

6.5 TEMPERATURE RISE DURING IMPACT

6.6 SUMMARY

7: Computational Impact Mechanics

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 PRINCIPLES OF NUMERICAL FORMULATIONS

7.2.1 Classical Continuum Methods: Lagrangean, Eulerian and Arbitrary Lagrangean-Eulerian

7.2.1.1 Lagrangean Formulation

7.2.1.2 Eulerian Formulation

7.2.1.3 Arbitrary Lagrangean- Eulerian Coupling (ALE-Formulation)

7.2.2 Particle Based Methods

7.2.2.1 Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics Method

7.2.2.2 Discrete Element Method

7.2.3 Meshless Methods

7.2.4 Hybrid Particle and Mesh based Methods

7.3 NUMERICAL SIMULATION USING FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

7.4 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION METHODS

7.4.1 Implicit Integration

7.4.2 Explicit Integration

7.4.3 Application of Integration Schemes and Material Response

7.5 COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS IN NUMERICAL SIMULATION

7.5.1 Hour Glass Deformations and Control

7.5.1.1 Hour Glass Deformations

7.5.1.2 Hour Glass Control

7.5.2 Shockwaves, Numerical Shockwaves and Artificial Viscosity

7.5.2.1 Shockwaves

7.5.2.2 Numerical Shockwaves

7.5.2.3 Artificial Viscosity

7.5.3 Acoustic Impedance

7.5.4 Adaptive Meshing

7.5.5 Contact-Impact Considerations.

7.5.5.1 Kinematic Constraint Method

7.5.5.2 Penalty Method

7.5.5.3 Distributed Parameter Method

7.5.5.4 Automatic Surface to Surface Contact

7.5.5.5 Initial Contact Interpenetrations

7.5.5.6 Friction in Sliding Interfaces

7.6 CASE STUDIES IN NUMERICAL SIMULATION

7.6.1 Case-1: Simulation of Ballistic Impact on a Plate with a Simple Plasticity Model

7.6.2 Case-2: Simulation of Plugging Failure with a Unified Material and Damage Model

7.6.3 Case-3: Simulation of Ballistic Impact of a Steel Bullet on a GFRP Plate

7.6.4 Case-4: Discrete Element Method for Simulation of Ballistic Impact in 1-D Domain

7.7 SUMMARY

8: Vehicle Collision

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 MECHANICS OF VEHICLE COLLISION

8.3 CRASH IMPACT TESTS FOR SAFETY REGULATIONS

8.3.1 Crash Impact Tests

8.3.1.1 Frontal Crash Impact Test

8.3.1.2 Side Crash Impact Test

8.3.1.3 Rear Crash Impact Test

8.3.1.4 Pedestrian Impact Test

8.3.1.5 Roll-over Crash Impact Test

8.3.2 Data Acquisition and Filtering in Crash Impact Tests

8.3.3 Vehicle Safety Regulations in India

8.4 CONCEPTS IN ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE/OCCUPANT SYSTEMS

8.4.1 Introduction

8.4.2 Analysis of Frontal Rigid Barrier Collision (Frontal Impact Crash)

8.4.3 Vehicle Response in Frontal Barrier Collision

8.4.4 Equivalent Square Wave (ESW) and Pulse Waveform Efficiency (ŋ)

8.4.4.1 Equivalent Square Wave (ESW)

8.4.4.2 Pulse Waveform Efficiency (ŋ)

8.4.5 Occupant Response in Frontal Barrier Collision

8.4.5.1 Occupant Response in a General Braking Vehicle

8.4.5.2 Unrestrained Occupant Response in a Braking Vehicle

8.4.5.3 Unrestrained Occupant Response in a Crashing Vehicle

8.4.5.4 Restrained Occupant Response in a Crashing Vehicle

8.4.5.5 Effect of Occupant Restraint in a Crashing Vehicle.

8.4.6 Guidelines for Design and Evaluation of a Good Occupant Restraint System.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed October 6, 2016).

ISBN:

1-119-24183-9

1-119-24185-5

1-119-24182-0

OCLC:

959865284