Sex differences in the central nervous system / edited by Rebecca M. Shansky ; acquisition editor Mica Haley ; designer Greg Harris ; contributors Anthony P. Auger [and thirty six others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Shansky, Rebecca M., editor.

Haley, Mica, editor.

Harris, Greg, designer.

Auger, Anthony P., contributor.

Series:

Neuroscience-net reference book series ; 4.

Neuroscience-Net Reference Book Series ; 4

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Brain--Sex differences.

Brain.

Central nervous system--Sex differences.

Central nervous system.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (0 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, [Netherlands] : Academic Press, 2016.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System offers a comprehensive examination of the current state of sex differences research, from both the basic science and clinical research perspectives. Given the current NIH directive that funded preclinical research must consider both females and males, this topic is of interest to an increasing percentage of the neuroscience research population.The volume serves as an invaluable resource, offering coverage of a wide range of topics: sex differences in cognition, learning, and memory, sex hormone signaling mechanisms, neuroimmune interactions, epigenetics, social behavior, neurologic disease, psychological disorders, and stress. Discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations are included.- Details how sex hormones have widespread effects on the nervous system and influence the way males and females function- Assists readers in determining how sex impacts their research and practice, and assists in determining how to adjust research programs to incorporate sex influences- Includes discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations, and at various developmental stages- Features revised and updated chapters by leaders in the field around the globe--the broadest, most expert coverage available

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of contents

List of Contributors

Chapter 1 - Sex Differences in Immunity and Inflammation: Implications for Brain and Behavior

1 - Introduction

1.1 - Immune mediators

2 - Sex-dependent baseline differences in immune functioning and response

2.1 - Sex-dependent development and maturation of immune cells, immune responses, and immune signaling pathways

2.2 - Incidence of autoimmune disorders in men versus women

2.3 - Incidence of infectious diseases in men versus women

3 - Sex-dependent differences within the central nervous system

3.1 - Neurodegenerative responses

4 - Mechanisms of sex-dependent immune activity

4.1 - Introduction

4.2 - Sex steroids

4.3 - Microglia

4.4 - Neurotransmitters

4.5 - X-linked regulation of immunity

4.6 - MicroRNAs

4.7 - Microbiome

5 - Consequences of sex differences within central nervous system trauma and disease

5.1 - Introduction

5.2 - Sex differences in behavior

5.3 - Sex differences in other comorbidities

6 - Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 2 - Molecular Mechanisms of Memory in Males and Females

2 - Molecular mechanisms underlying memory formation

2.1 - Receptors and neural transmission

2.1.1 - AMPA receptors

2.1.2 - NMDA receptors

2.1.3 - GABA receptors

2.2 - Intracellular signaling mechanisms

2.2.1 - Calcium-dependent signaling

2.2.2 - CREB

2.2.3 - Other signaling pathways

2.2.4 - Summary

2.3 - Hormonal influences in memory mechanisms

2.4 - Chromosomal complement

2.5 - Interpretations of sex differences in mechanisms of memory

3 - Conclusions

Chapter 3 - Sex Differences in Anxiety Disorders: Gonadal Hormone Interactions with Pathophysiology, Neurobiology, and Trea...

1 - Introduction.

2 - Sex differences in anxiety disorders

3 - Neurobiology of fear extinction

3.1 - Rodent fear circuitry

3.2 - Human fear circuitry

3.3 - Relevance to anxiety disorders

4 - Sex differences in fear extinction

4.1 - Rodents

4.2 - Humans

4.3 - Sexually dimorphic circuitry

5 - Estrogen

5.1 - Role of estrogen in fear - rodents

5.2 - Role of estrogen in fear - humans

5.3 - Estrogen and fear circuitry

5.4 - Estrogen and treatment for anxiety disorders

6 - Other gonadal hormones

6.1 - Progesterone

6.2 - Testosterone

7 - Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Chapter 4 - Sex Differences in the Social Behavior Network and Mesolimbic Dopamine System

1 - Introduction to sex differences in social behavior and the importance of sex-specific responses in neural circuitry

2 - The social behavior network and sex differences in social behavior

2.1 - Sexual dimorphism in the medial preoptic area (MPOA)

2.2 - Sex differences in the MPOA on social behavior

2.3 - Anatomical dimorphism in the medial amygdala

2.4 - Sex differences in effects of MeA on social behavior

2.5 - Sexual dimorphism in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

2.6 - Sex differences in effects of anterior BNST on social behavior

2.7 - Sex differences in effects of posterior BNST on social behavior

3 - The mesolimbic dopamine system

3.1 - Sex differences in the neuroanatomy of the mesolimbic dopamine system

3.2 - Sex differences in the mesolimbic dopamine system: appetitive social contexts

3.3 - Sex differences in the mesolimbic dopamine system: aversive social contexts

4 - Connectivity between social behavior network and THE mesolimbic dopamine system

5 - Conclusions

Chapter 5 - Sexual Dimorphisms in Psychosis Risk: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective.

1 - Introduction

Theoretical conceptualizations

3 - Sex differences in clinical phenomenology and functioning

4 - Sex differences in cognition

4.1 - Neurocognition

4.2 - Social cognition

5 - Sex differences in other neurobiological precursors

5.1 - Neurobiological stress

5.2 - Perinatal complications

5.3 - Genetic liability

Chapter 6 - Sex Differences and Addiction

2 - Sex differences in addiction in humans

2.1 - Epidemiological studies: sex differences in the rates of drug use, abuse, and dependence

2.2 - Incarceration, victimization, violence, and trauma

2.3 - Why do some people use drugs?

3 - Sex differences in addiction in preclinical studies

4 - Sex differences in the mechanisms of addiction

5 - Sex differences in preclinical research

5.1 - Acquisition of drug self-administration

5.2 - Patterns of drug intake and motivation

5.3 - Modeling drug relapse: extinction and reinstatement

5.4 - Distinguishing recreational drug use from addiction in preclinical models

6 - New animal models to study addiction are needed

Chapter 7 - Stress and Emotional Learning in Humans: Evidence for Sex Differences

2 - Episodic memory

2.1 - Encoding

2.2 - Consolidation

2.3 - Retrieval

2.4 - Interim conclusion on episodic memory

3 - Fear conditioning

3.1 - Fear memory formation and consolidation

3.2 - Fear extinction and retrieval

3.3 - Interim conclusion on fear conditioning

4 - General conclusions and suggestions for future work

Chapter 8 - Biological Underpinnings of Sex Differences in Eating Disorders

1.1 - Definitions.

2 - Behavior genetics: sex-differentiated genetic risk for eating pathology

2.1 - Etiologic effects on eating pathology in late adolescence and adulthood

2.2 - Developmental considerations

3 - Gonadal hormones and sex-differentiated risk for eating pathology

3.1 - Risk effects of ovarian hormones on eating pathology

3.2 - Protective effects of testosterone on eating pathology

4 - Appetite-regulating hormones: implications for eating pathology?

5 - Brain imaging: sex-differentiated risk for disordered eating

Chapter 9 - The Maternal Brain: Short- and Long-Term Effects of Reproductive Experience on Hippocampus Structure and Functi...

2 - Pregnancy and parturition: short-term changes in cognition and hippocampus

2.1 - Cognitive changes in pregnancy and early postpartum

2.2 - Possible mechanisms of cognitive changes during pregnancy: steroid hormones

2.3 - Possible mechanisms of cognitive changes during pregnancy and early postpartum: the hippocampus

2.4 - Effects of parity on cognition beyond the postpartum

3 - Long-term changes in cognition with aging are altered by reproductive factors and parity

4 - Greater endogenous ovarian hormone exposure may improve cognitive aging

4.1 - Reproductive experience, aging, and cognition: animal studies

4.2 - Neural correlates of reproductive experience in later life

4.3 - Sensitivity to estrogens changes with parity and aging

5 - The hippocampus and Alzheimer's disease

6 - Reproductive experience and susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease

6.1 - Introduction

6.2 - Reproductive experience interacts with genetic susceptibility for AD

Chapter 10 - Sex and the Developing Brain

2 - Sex determination and sexual differentiation of the brain.

3 - The organization and activational hypothesis of sex differences in the brain and behavior

4 - The mechanisms of steroid-induced sexual differentiation in the rodent brain are brain region specific

4.1 - Sex differences in the size of brain nuclei

4.2 - The preoptic area

4.3 - The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

4.4 - The arcuate nucleus

5 - The genetics and epigenetics of sex differences in the developing brain

5.1 - The sex chromosomes and brain development

5.2 - Epigenetic mechanisms of sex differences in the developing brain

Chapter 11 - Presence and Absence of Sex Differences in Structure and Function of the Brain Oxytocin System: Implications f...

2 - Sex differences in the brain OT system

2.1 - Are there sex differences in the brain OT system in rodents?

2.1.1 - Sex differences in OT in the rodent brain

2.1.2 - Sex differences in OTR in the rodent brain

2.2 - Are there sex differences in the brain OT system in humans?

2.3 - Do sex differences in the OT system relate to species-specific social organizations?

3 - Sexually dimorphic actions of OT on behavior and neural responses

3.1 - Sexually dimorphic actions of OT in voles

3.1.1 - Sexually dimorphic actions of OT on behavior

3.1.2 - Sexually dimorphic organizational effects of OT on the brain

3.2 - Sexually dimorphic actions of OT on behavioral and brain responses in rats and mice

3.2.1 - Sexually dimorphic actions of OT on social behavior

3.2.2 - Sexually dimorphic actions of OT on anxiety-related behavior

3.2.3 - Sexually dimorphic organizational effects of OT on brain and behavior

3.3 - Are there sexually dimorphic actions of OT in humans?

3.3.1 - Effects of OT on human social behavior

3.3.2 - Effects of OT on human anxiety-related behavior.

3.3.3 - Sexually dimorphic actions of OT on human brain responses.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed December 3, 2015).

ISBN:

0-12-802198-5

0-12-802114-4

OCLC:

932052888