Thermal imaging techniques to survey and monitor animals in the wild : a methodology / Kirk J. Havens, Edward J. Sharp.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Havens, Kirk J., author.

Sharp, Edward J., author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Wildlife monitoring.

Infrared imaging.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (0 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, [Netherlands] : Academic Press, 2016.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

" Thermal Imaging Techniques to Survey and Monitor Animals in the Wild: A Methodology" provides a manual for anyone interested in understanding thermal imaging and its usefulness in solving a wide range of problems regarding the observation of wildlife. In the last decade, the cost of thermal imaging technology has significantly decreased, making the equipment more widely available. This book offers an overview of thermal physics and the thermal imager, along with a methodology to optimize the window of opportunity so that wildlife can be observed and studied in their natural habitat. Users will find the knowledge and tools to formulate a sound survey design, with detailed sections on the theory and performance characteristics of thermal imaging cameras utilizing cooled quantum detectors as the sensitive element and additional information on the uncooled micro bolometric imagers which have been introduced into the camera market in past decades. The methodology presented is logical and simple, yet it presents a detailed understanding of the topic and how it applies to the critically interlinked disciplines of biology, physics, micrometeorology, and animal physiology. Covers the technical aspects of thermal imaging allowing readers to design better experimentsProvides a clear description of the properties of thermal imagingIncludes approaches to consider before integrating thermal cameras into a field

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

Contents

Preface

About the Authors

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1 - Introduction

Chapter 2 - Background

Overview and basic concepts

Counting methods

Direct Counting Methods

Complete Counts

Incomplete Counts

Indirect Counting Methods

Chapter 3 - Remote Sensing

Introduction

Enhanced visual

Image intensifiers (I2 devices)

Low light level cameras

Trip cameras

Radars and sonars

Thermal imaging

Radiotelemetry

Image intensifiers or thermal imagers?

Chapter 4 - Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Background

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Phase Changes

Evaporation/Condensation

Animals

Chapter 5 - Optical Radiation

Kirchhoff's law

Stefan-Boltzmann law

Planck radiation law

Background temperature

Apparent temperature

Apparent Temperature of the Object

Apparent Temperature of the Background

Apparent Temperature Difference, ∆TA

Chapter 6 - Emissivity

Quality of the surface

Viewing angle

Shape of the object

Apparent temperature Versus viewing angle

Chapter 7 - Thermal Imagers and System Considerations

Brief history (basic concepts)

Thermal Image

Performance parameters

Spectral Response

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Thermal Sensitivity

Spatial Resolution

Detector-Limited Resolution

Optics-Limited Resolution

Range

Thermal Resolution

Chapter 8 - Imager Selection

Thermal detectors versus photon detectors

Thermal Detectors

Microbolometers

Photon Detectors

Selecting an IR imager

Application Requirements

Wavelength Selection

MWIR and LWIR (Experimental Comparisons)

Camera features

Verifying performance

Typical MWIR camera

Accessories.

Chapter 9 - Properties of Thermal Signatures

Image quality

Signature Saturation

Spectral domain

Spatial domain

Size

Shape

Intensity

Viewing Angles

Grouping

Temporal domain

Motion

Habitat

Visibility bias

Surveillance

Discrimination Levels

Surveillance Application

Chapter 10 - Thermal Imaging Applications and Experiments

Literature reviews

Mammals

Mammalian Reviews

Avian Species (Birds)

Reviews (Avian Species Surveys)

Bats

Reviews (Bat Surveys and Observations)

Nests (Dens, Tree Cavities, Lairs, Burrows)

Examples of Nest Imagery

Reviews (Nests, Dens, Tree Cavities, Lairs, and Burrows)

Invertebrates (Arthropoda)

Reviews (Invertebrate Observations)

Concluding remarks

Chapter 11 - Using Thermal Imagers for Animal Ecology

Methodology

Imager Specifications and Use

Training

Surveys

Introduction (Factors Influencing the Detectivity)

Angular dependencies and effects

Size and Shape of Individual Thermal Signatures

Spatial Extent of the Survey Area

Survey Geometry

Air-to-Ground

Ground-to-Air

Air-to-Air

Ground-to-Ground

Signature Dependence on Viewing Angles

Tree Cavity Analysis

Thermal Shadows

Atmospheric Transmission

Angular Dependence on the Diurnal Cycle

Emissivity

Reflectivity and Heat Transfer (Through the Reflectivity)

Apparent Temperature Difference

Background clutter

Reflected Solar Radiation

Re-emitted Solar Radiation

Scattered Radiation

Complete Snow Cover and Thermal Contrast

Clutter from Species Mixing and Bedding Sites

Longevity of Signatures

Small-Scale Backgrounds

Diurnal cycle

Diurnal Effects and the Background.

Solar Loading and Thermal Shading

Example of Solar Loading

Poikilothermic Animals and the Diurnal Cycle

Homothermic Animals and the Diurnal Cycle

Atmospheric effects

Absorption

Scattering

Water Vapor

Cloud Cover

Solar Loading

Precipitation

Wind

Patience

Automated detection

Thermal Imaging and Automation

Automated Detection of Animals

Automated Enumeration of Animals

Robotic Vision

Large Area Surveys

Image Fusion

Thermography and thermoregulation

Energy Budget of Target Species

Homothermic Animals

Chapter 12 - On the Horizon

Drones

Miniaturized thermal cameras

Hemispherical Drone Optics

Blue Morpho Butterfly Detector

References

Subject Index

Back Cover.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

0-12-803385-1

0-12-803384-3

OCLC:

932052969