Advances in parasitology. Volume 90, Fossil parasites / edited by Kenneth de Baets, D. Timothy J. Littlewood.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Littlewood, D. T. J. (D. Timothy J.), 1961- editor.

Baets, Kenneth de, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Parasitology.

Fossils.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xiii, 446 pages) : illustrations.

Edition:

1st ed.

Other Title:

Fossil parasites

Place of Publication:

London : Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier, 2015.

Summary:

Fossil Parasites, the latest edition in the Advances in Parasitology series established in 1963, contains comprehensive and up-to-date reviews on all areas of interest in contemporary parasitology, including medical studies of parasites of major influence, such as plasmodium falciparum and trypanosomes. The series also contains reviews of more traditional areas, such as zoology, taxonomy, and life history, which help to shape current thinking and applications.Parasitism is a dominant life history strategy and we know it has existed for millions of years. Detecting parasitism in the fossil record is problematic because we rarely see direct evidence and usually must rely on indirect evidence to infer its existence. This unique volume takes a broad and systematic view of direct and indirect evidence for parasitism in the fossil record.- Expert contributors providing timely reviews of different aspects of palaeoparasitology- Comprehensive treatments of taxonomic groups never before summarized- Comprehensive coverage of important historical and recent advances in the field- New avenues for research are explored and suggested

Contents:

Front Cover

SERIES EDITOR

EDITORIAL BOARD

Fossil Parasites

Copyright

CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

PREFACE

One - The Importance of Fossils in Understanding the Evolution of Parasites and Their Vectors

1. INTRODUCTION

2. TECHNIQUES FOR ANCIENT PARASITE DISCOVERY

2.1 Thin sections and computed tomography

2.2 Ancient biomolecules

2.2.1 Ancient DNA

2.2.2 Palaeoproteomics

3. THE PARASITE FOSSIL RECORD

3.1 Body fossils

3.2 Trace fossils and pathologies

3.3 Coprolites

4. MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVES ON PARASITE PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION

4.1 Molecular clocks

4.2 HGT and 'parasitic DNA'

5. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Two - The Geological Record of Parasitic Nematode Evolution

2. MEDIA FOR THE STUDY OF FOSSIL NEMATODES

2.1 Amber

2.2 Rock fossils

2.3 Coprolites

3. PALAEOZOIC PARASITIC NEMATODES

4. PARASITIC NEMATODE BODY FOSSILS FROM THE MESOZOIC

5. NEMATODE PARASITES FROM THE EARLY CENOZOIC

5.1 Baltic amber

6. NEMATODE PARASITES FROM THE OLIGOCENE-MIOCENE

6.1 Dominican amber nematodes

6.2 Mexican amber nematodes

7. NEMATODE PARASITES FROM THE PLIOCENE

8. NEMATODE PARASITES FROM THE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE

8.1 Nematode parasites of humans from the Pleistocene and Holocene

9. STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF NEMATODE PARASITES OF INVERTEBRATES

10. ORIGIN OF NEMATODE PARASITES OF VERTEBRATES

11. ORIGIN OF NEMATODE PARASITES OF PLANTS

12. SUMMARY

Three - Constraining the Deep Origin of Parasitic Flatworms and Host-Interactions with Fossil Evidence

2. ASSESSMENT OF THE FLATWORM FOSSIL RECORD

2.1 Devonian fossil hook circlets

2.2 Silurian blister pearls and calcareous concretions in bivalve shells.

2.3 Permo-Carboniferous egg remains in shark coprolites

2.4 Cretaceous egg remains in terrestrial archosaur coprolites

2.5 Eocene shell pits in intermediate bivalve hosts

2.6 Eggs remains in a Pleistocene mammal coprolite

2.7 Holocene evidence for parasitic flatworms from ancient remains

2.8 Free-living flatworms

3. INTERPOLATING OR EXTRAPOLATING EXTANT PARASITE-HOST RELATIONSHIPS AND THE ASSUMPTION OF PARASITE-HOST COEVOLUTION

4. MOLECULAR CLOCK STUDIES

5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Four - From Fossil Parasitoids to Vectors: Insects as Parasites and Hosts

1.1 Insects as parasites and hosts

1.2 Insects in the fossil record

2. INSECT PARASITISM SENSU STRICTO (S. STR.) - PARANEOPTERA

2.1 Phthiraptera

2.1.1 General aspects

2.1.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution

2.1.3 Fossil representatives

2.2 Hemiptera

2.2.1 General aspects

2.2.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution

2.2.3 Fossil representatives

3. INSECT PARASITISM S.STR. - ANTLIOPHORA

3.1 Siphonaptera

3.1.1 General aspects

3.1.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution

3.1.3 Fossil representatives

3.2 Diptera

3.2.1 General aspects

3.2.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution

3.2.3 Fossil representatives

4. INSECT PARASITISM S.STR. - NEUROPTEROIDA

4.1 Neuroptera (Mantispidae)

4.1.1 General aspects

4.1.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution

4.1.3 Fossil representatives

4.2 Coleopterida (Coleoptera, Meloidae)

4.2.1 General aspects

4.2.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution.

4.2.3 Fossil representatives

5. PARASITOIDS

5.1 Hymenoptera

5.1.1 General aspects

5.1.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution

5.1.3 Fossil representatives

5.2 Strepsiptera

5.2.1 General aspects

5.2.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution

5.2.3 Fossil representatives

6. PLANT PARASITISM (VERSUS PHYTOPHAGY)

6.1 General aspects

6.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution

6.3 Fossil representatives

7. INSECTS AS HOSTS

7.1 Nematoida

7.1.1 General aspects

7.1.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution

7.1.3 Fossil representatives

7.2 Mites

7.2.1 General aspects

7.2.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution

7.2.3 Fossil representatives

7.3 Pseudoscorpions

7.3.1 General aspects

7.3.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution

7.3.3 Fossil representatives

8. INSECTS AS VECTORS

8.1 General aspects

8.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution

8.3 Fossil representatives

9. CONCLUSION

10. OUTLOOK

Five - Trace Fossil Evidence of Trematode-Bivalve Parasite-Host Interactions in Deep Time

2. TREMATODE-INDUCED SHELL MALFORMATIONS IN LIVING BIVALVE MOLLUSCS

3. OCCURRENCES OF TREMATODE-INDUCED PITS IN FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL BIVALVES

3.1 Taxonomic, temporal and ecological occurrences

3.2 Taphonomy and the origin of the trematode-bivalve parasite-host interaction

3.3 Trematode-induced malformations as palaeoenvironmental indicators.

4. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF TREMATODES ON LIVING BIVALVES AND THEIR POTENTIAL EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS

5. CONCLUDING REMARKS

Six - Fossil Crustaceans as Parasites and Hosts

2. CRUSTACEANS AS HOSTS OF PARASITES

2.1 Fossil evidence

2.1.1 Isopod parasites in decapod crustaceans

2.1.1.1 Modern evidence

2.1.1.2 Life cycle and parasitism

2.1.1.3 Fossil record

2.1.1.4 Quantitative data per fauna

2.1.1.5 Infestation patterns through time

2.1.1.6 Age

2.1.1.7 Biogeography

2.1.1.8 On the erection of an ichnotaxon

2.1.2 Rhizocephalan barnacles in decapod crustaceans

2.1.3 Platyhelminthes in crustaceans

2.2 Equivocal fossil evidence

2.2.1 Ciliates on ostracods

2.3 Modern evidence only

2.3.1 Non-crustacean parasites

2.3.2 Crustacean parasites

3. CRUSTACEANS AS PARASITES OF NON-CRUSTACEAN HOSTS

3.1 Fossil evidence

3.1.1 Ascothoracidan barnacles in invertebrates

3.1.2 Copepods in echinoderms

3.1.3 Copepods in fish

3.1.4 Gall crabs (Cryptochiridae) in corals

3.1.5 Pentastomida

3.2 Equivocal fossil evidence

3.2.1 Barnacle borings attributed to Acrothoracica in marine invertebrates

3.2.2 Barnacles (Pyrgomatidae) in corals

3.2.3 Isopods (Cymothooidea) in fishes and squids

3.2.4 Crabs (Trapeziidae) and corals

3.3 Modern evidence only

3.3.1 Copepods

3.3.2 Tantulocarida

3.3.3 Branchiura

3.3.4 Ostracoda

3.3.5 Facetotecta

3.3.6 Thoracica

3.3.7 Malacostraca

4. OVERVIEW FOSSIL EVIDENCE AND FUTURE RESEARCH

Seven - A Prejudiced Review of Ancient Parasites and Their Host Echinoderms: CSI Fossil Record or Just an Excuse fo ...

2. INTERPRETATIONS AND CONFIDENCE

2.1 Problems of interpretation

2.2 Limits of confidence

3. SOME EXAMPLES.

3.1 A coral-crinoid association from the Mississippian (Figure 2)

3.2 A growth deformity in a Mississippian crinoid (Figures 2(d-f) and 3)

3.3 Epizoobionts infesting a Mississippian crinoid (Figure 4)

3.4 Platyceratid gastropods infesting Upper Palaeozoic crinoids (Figures 5 and 6)

3.5 Site selectivity of pits in echinoid tests, Upper Cretaceous (Figure 6)

4. DISCUSSION

5. CONCLUSIONS

Eight - Differentiating Parasitism and Other Interactions in Fossilized Colonial Organisms

2. COLONIAL ANIMALS

3. PUTATIVE PARASITES OF FOSSIL COLONIAL ANIMALS

3.1 Recognition of parasitism in fossils

3.2 Symbiotic intergrowths and bioclaustrations

3.2.1 Caunopores

3.2.2 Rugose corals and stromatoporoids

3.2.3 Chaetosalpinx and other bioclaustrations

3.2.4 Cornulitids and colonial hosts

3.2.5 Celleporaria and Culicia

3.2.6 Pyrgomatid barnacles

3.3 Galls

3.4 Borings

3.5 Supposed parasites of graptolites

4. FOSSIL COLONIAL ANIMALS AS PARASITES

5. DISCUSSION

Nine - Palaeoparasitology - Human Parasites in Ancient Material

1. INTRODUCTION - PARASITISM

2. HUMANS AND PARASITES

3. PALAEOPARASITOLOGY

4. RECOMMENDED MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUES FOR MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION IN PALAEOPARASITOLOGY

4.1 Light microscopy techniques

4.2 Counting remains under the microscope

4.2.1 Analysis of sediments

4.2.2 Coprolites in mummies

4.3 Molecular techniques applied to palaeoparasitology

4.3.1 Molecular diagnosis

5. PARASITE FINDS IN HUMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS

5.1 Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura

5.2 Hookworms

5.3 Enterobius vermicularis

5.4 Diphyllobothrium sp.

6. OTHER PARASITES: PARASITES OF ANIMALS FOUND IN HUMAN COPROLITES

PARASITES IN PREHISTORIC ASIA.

7. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF TRYPANOSOMATIDS IN HUMANS AND THE PARADIGM SHIFT FROM RESULTS IN PALAEOPARASITOLOGY.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based upon print version of record.

ISBN:

9780128040270