Metrology and standardization for nanotechnology : protocols and industrial innovations / edited by Elisabeth Mansfield [and three others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Mansfield, Elisabeth, editor.

Series:

Nanotechnology innovation & applications

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nanotechnology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (595 pages) : illustrations (some colour).

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, [2017]

Summary:

For the promotion of global trading and the reduction of potential risks, the role of international standardization of nanotechnologies has become more and more important. This book gives an overview of the current status of nanotechnology including the importance of metrology and characterization at the nanoscale, international standardization of nanotechnology, and industrial innovation of nano-enabled products. First the field of nanometrology, nanomaterial standardization and nanomaterial innovation is introduced. Second, major concepts in analytical measurements are given in order to provide a basis for the reliable and reproducible characterization of nanomaterials. The role of standards organizations are presented and finally, an overview of risk management and the commercial impact of metrology and standardization for industrial innovations.

Contents:

Metrology and Standardization for Nanotechnology: Protocols and Industrial Innovations

Contents

Foreword

Preface

1: Introduction: An Overview of Nanotechnolgy and Nanomaterial Standardization and Opportunities and Challenges

1.1 Standards and Standardization

1.2 Nanotechnology Standardization

1.2.1 Technology Standardization

1.2.2 Development of Standards for Nanotechnology

1.2.3 Nanotechnology Standards Development in Europe

1.2.4 Working with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

1.3 Nanomaterial Standardization

1.4 Challenges

1.4.1 Data and Information Gaps

1.4.2 Competing Priorities

1.4.3 Knowledge of Standards Availability and Their Use

1.5 Opportunities

1.6 Summary

Part One: Nanotechnology Basics: Definitions, Synthesis, and Properties

2: Nanotechnology Definitions at ISO and ASTM International: Origin, Usage, and Relationship to Nomenclature and Regulatory and Metrology Activities

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Context based on Size, Property, and Regulatory Framework

2.2.1 Nanoscale

2.2.2 Properties

2.2.3 Nanotechnology Description and Regulatory Framework

2.3 Nano-objects: Particles, Shapes, and Shape Descriptors

2.3.1 Particle and Nanoscale

2.3.2 Cartesian Coordinates to Describe Shape

2.3.3 Shape Descriptors (Object, Particle, Fiber, and Plate)

2.4 Collections of Nano-Objects

2.4.1 Aggregates and Agglomerates

2.4.2 Nanostructured

2.4.3 Dispersions and Composites

2.5 Layers and Coatings as Surface Chemistry

2.6 National Definitions

2.7 Nomenclature

2.7.1 Background Considerations

2.7.2 Commercial Nomenclature

2.7.3 Nomenclature as Enumeration

2.7.4 Focus, Categories, and Data Sets

2.8 Terminology as a Controlled Vocabulary and Nomenclature as Knowledge Organization

2.9 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments.

References

3: Engineered Nanomaterials: a Discussion of the Major Categories of Nanomaterials

3.1 Description of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials

3.2 Nanomaterials' Morphologies

3.2.1 Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials

3.2.2 One-Dimensional Nanomaterials

3.2.3 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

3.2.4 Three-Dimensional Nanomaterials

3.3 Types of Nanomaterials

3.3.1 Inorganic

3.3.1.1 Metal Nanoparticles

3.3.1.2 Other Inorganic Nanoparticles

3.3.1.3 Ceramics

3.3.1.4 Semiconductors

3.3.1.5 Inorganic-Organic Nanomaterials

3.3.2 Organic

3.3.2.1 Carbon Nanomaterials

3.3.2.2 Other Organic Nanomaterials

3.3.3 Nanocomposites

3.4 Properties of Nanomaterials

3.4.1 Mechanical Properties

3.4.2 Electrical Properties

3.4.3 Magnetic Properties

3.4.4 Thermal Properties

3.4.5 Optical Properties

3.4.6 Biological Properties

3.5 Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites

3.5.1 Nanodispersions

3.5.2 Nanocrystalline Solids

3.5.2.1 Nanostructured Titanium

3.5.2.2 Nanostructured Stainless Steel

3.5.2.3 Other Nanometals

3.5.2.4 Nanoceramics

3.5.2.5 Carbon Nanomaterials

3.5.2.6 Dendrimers

3.5.3 Nanocomposites

3.5.3.1 Hydrogen Storage

3.5.3.2 Bionanocomposites

3.5.3.3 Hard RE-3d Magnets

3.5.3.4 Polymer Nanocomposites

3.6 Conclusions and Outlook

References

4: Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods

4.1 Classification

4.2 Physical Methods

4.2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition

4.2.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition

4.2.3 Ion Beam Techniques

4.2.4 Plasma Synthesis

4.3 Chemical Methods

4.3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition

4.3.2 Epitaxial Growth

4.3.3 Colloidal Dispersion

4.3.4 Sol-Gel

4.3.5 Hydrothermal Route

4.3.6 Microemulsions

4.3.7 Polymer Route

4.4 Mechanical Methods

4.4.1 Milling Processes

4.4.1.1 Mechanical Alloying.

4.4.1.2 High-Energy Ball Milling

4.4.1.3 Mechanochemical Synthesis

4.4.1.4 Mechanochemical Activation Synthesis

4.4.2 Severe Plastic Deformation

4.4.2.1 Equal Channel Angular Pressing

4.4.2.2 Cyclic Extrusion Compression Method

4.4.2.3 High-Pressure Torsion

4.4.2.4 Other Severe Plastic Deformation Methods

4.4.3 Lithography

4.4.4 Micromachining

4.4.5 Etching

4.5 Biological Synthesis

4.6 Summary

5: Physicochemical Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Composition

5.3 Size and Size Distribution

5.4 Morphology and Shape

5.5 Aggregation and Agglomeration

5.6 Surface Properties

5.7 Conclusions and Outlook

6: Biological Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Biological Properties of ENMs

6.2.1 ENMs in Biological Systems under Physiological or Pathological Conditions

6.2.2 Effects of Biological Processes on the Fate of ENMs in Biological Systems

6.2.2.1 Routes of Exposure or Administration

6.2.2.2 Biodistribution

6.2.2.3 Binding with Biomolecules

6.2.2.4 Entry into the Cell

6.2.2.5 Clearance/Excretion/Degradation

6.3 Metrology and Standardization of ENMs in the Context of Biological Properties

6.3.1 Characterization of ENMs

6.3.2 Penetration into Biological Barriers and Biodistribution

6.3.3 Binding with Biomolecules

6.3.4 Entry into the Cell

6.4 Conclusions

Part Two: Metrology for Engineered Nanomaterials

7: Characterization of Nanomaterials

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Size

7.3 Shape

7.4 Surface

7.5 Solubility

7.6 International Standards and Standardization

7.7 Summary

Acknowledgments

8: Principal Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization of Engineered Nanomaterials

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 ENM Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization

8.2.1 Surface Area

8.2.2 Bulk Chemical Composition

8.2.3 Surface Chemistry

8.2.4 Particle Size

8.2.5 Particle Size Distribution

8.2.6 Morphology/Shape

8.2.7 Surface Charge

8.2.8 Agglomeration/Aggregation State

8.2.9 Crystal Structure

8.2.10 Solubility

8.3 Summary

List of Abbreviations

Disclaimer

9: Analytical Measurements of Nanoparticles in Challenging and Complex Environments

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Nanoparticle Measurements in Soils and Sediments

9.3 Nanoparticle Measurements in Air

9.4 Nanoparticle Measurements in Cosmetics

9.5 Nanoparticle Measurements in Aquatic Environments

9.6 Nanoparticle Measurements in Foods

9.7 Nanoparticle Measurements in Biological Matrices

9.8 Key Challenges for Characterizing Nanoparticle Sizes and Shapes in Biological Matrices

9.9 Key Challenges in the Quantitative Measurement of Nanoparticles in Biological Matrices

9.10 Key Challenges for Determining Nanoparticle Dose/Concentration in Biological Matrices

9.11 Key Challenges in Measuring Nanoparticle Agglomeration in Biological Matrices

9.12 Notable Instrumentation for Characterizing Nanoparticles in Biological Matrices

9.13 Concluding Remarks

NIST Disclaimer

List of Acronyms

10: Metrology for the Dimensional Parameter Study of Nanoparticles

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Traceability of the Dimensional Measurements at the Nanoscale

10.2.1 How to Make the Measurement Reliable and Comparable?

10.2.2 Traceability Routes

10.3 Measuring the Nanoparticle Size

10.3.1 Direct and Indirect Measuring Techniques

10.3.1.1 Direct Techniques

10.3.1.2 Indirect Techniques

10.3.2 Measuring Methods by Microscopy-based Techniques

10.3.2.1 Sample Preparation.

10.3.2.2 Calibration/Metrological Characterization of Instruments

10.3.2.3 Measurement Principle and Acquisition

10.3.2.4 Image Analysis and Data Processing

10.3.3 Assessment of Error Sources in Microscopy

10.3.3.1 Type A Uncertainties

10.3.3.2 Type B Uncertainties

10.4 Conclusions

11: Analytical Nanoscopic Techniques: Nanoscale Properties

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Historical Overview of Analytical Nanoscopic Techniques

11.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy

11.3.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

11.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy

11.3.3 SPMs for Nanoscale Property

11.3.4 Standardization of SPMs

11.4 Electron Microscopy

11.4.1 Principle of Electron Microscopy

11.4.2 Applications of EMs in Nanomaterials

11.4.3 Standardization of Electron Microscopy

11.5 Emerging Nanocharacterization Techniques

11.5.1 Scanning Helium Ion Microscopy

11.5.2 Atom Probe Field Ion Microscope

11.5.3 Scanning Auger Microscopy

11.5.4 Nano SIMS

11.5.5 Electron Emission Microscopy

11.6 Summary

12: Tribological Testing and Standardization at the Micro- and Nanoscale

12.1 Introduction

12.2 A Brief History of Tribology

12.3 Scale Effects in Tribology Testing

12.4 Experimental Methods for Tribology Characterization

12.4.1 Nano- and Micro-tribological Characterization

12.4.1.1 Surface Force Apparatus

12.4.1.2 Lateral Force Microscope

12.4.1.3 Triboindenter

12.4.2 Comparison of the Methods

12.4.3 Example: The Tribology of Single-Crystal Silicon at Different Scales

12.5 International Standardization in Micro- and Nanotechnology

12.5.1 International Standards in the Area of Tribology

12.5.2 The ISO/TR 11811 Technical Report

12.5.3 Problems of the ISO/TR 11811 Technical Report

13: Stochastic Aspects of Sizing Nanoparticles.

13.1 Introduction.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed February 14, 2017).

ISBN:

9783527800292

3527800298

9783527712427

3527712429

9783527800308

3527800301

OCLC:

970041648