Essentials of epidemiology in public health / Ann Aschengrau, ScD, Professor of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, George R. Seage III, ScD, Professor of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan Scholl of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Aschengrau, Ann, author.

Seage, George R., III, author.

Contributor:

President Emeritus Martin Meyerson Fund.

ProQuest ebook central.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Epidemiology.

Public health.

Social medicine.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xi, 528 pages)

polychrome

Edition:

Fourth edition.

Place of Publication:

Burlington, MA : Jones & Bartlett Learning, [2020]

System Details:

text file

Contents:

Chapter 1 The Approach and Evolution of Epidemiology p. 1

Definition and Goals of Public Health p. 2

Sources of Scientific Knowledge in Public Health p. 3

Definition and Objectives of Epidemiology p. 5

Historical Development of Epidemiology p. 8

Modern Epidemiology p. 27

Chapter 2 Measures of Disease frequency p. 33

Definition of a Population p. 34

Definitions of Health and Disease p. 36

Changes in Disease Definitions p. 37

Measuring Disease Occurrence p. 39

Types of Calculations: Ratios, Proportions, and Rates p. 40

Measures of Disease Frequency p. 41

Commonly Used Measures of Disease Frequency in Public Health p. 51

Chapter 3 Comparing Disease Frequencies p. 57

Data Organization p. 58

Measures of Comparison p. 61

Direct Standardization p. 69

Chapter 4 Sources of Public Health Data p. 77

Census of the U.S. Population p. 78

Vital Statistics p. 79

National Survey of Family Growth p. 84

National Health Interview Survey p. 84

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey p. 85

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System p. 85

National Health Care Surveys p. 86

National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System p. 87

Surveillance of HIV Infection p. 87

Reproductive Health Statistics p. 88

National Immunization Survey p. 89

Survey of Occupational injuries and Illnesses p. 89

National Survey on Drug Use and Health p. 90

Air Quality System p. 90

Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program p. 91

Birth Defects Surveillance and Research Programs p. 91

Health, United States p. 92

Demographic Yearbook p. 92

World Health Statistics p. 92

Cancer Incidence on Five Continents p. 93

Chapter 5 Descriptive Epidemiology p. 99

Person p. 100

Place p. 102

Time p. 104

Disease Clusters and Epidemics p. 105

Ebola Outbreak and Its Investigation p. 110

Uses of Descriptive Epidemiology p. 116

Generating Hypotheses about Causal Relationships p. 116

Public Health Planning and Evaluation p. 117

Example: Patterns of Mortality in the United States According to Age p. 118

Overall Pattern of Mortality p. 121

Examples: Three Important Causes of Morbidity in the United States p. 129

Chapter 6 Overview of Epidemiological Study Designs p. 153

Overview of Experimental Studies p. 156

Overview of Cohort Studies p. 159

Overview of Case-Control Studies p. 163

When Is It Desirable to Use a Particular Study Design? p. 168

Other Types of Studies p. 170

Chapter 7 Experimental Studies p. 181

Overview of Experimental Studies p. 182

Types of Experimental Studies p. 185

Study Population p. 190

Sample Size p. 191

Consent Process p. 192

Treatment Assignment p. 192

Use of the Placebo and Masking p. 196

Maintenance and Assessment of Compliance p. 197

Ascertaining the Outcomes p. 200

Data Analysis p. 202

Generalizability p. 205

Special Issues in Experimental Studies p. 205

Chapter 8 Cohort Studies p. 211

Cohort Study Definitions and Overview p. 212

Types of Populations Studied p. 213

Characterization of Exposure p. 215

Follow-Up and Outcome Assessment p. 215

Timing of Cohort Studies p. 216

Issues in the Selection of Cohort Study Populations p. 218

Analysis of Cohort Studies p. 229

Special Types of Cohort Studies p. 231

Strengths and Limitations of Cohort Studies p. 232

Chapter 9 Case-Control Studies p. 237

The Changing View of Case-Control Studies p. 238

When Is It Desirable to Use the Case-Control Method? p. 242

Selection of Cases p. 244

Selection of Controls p. 247

Sources of Exposure Information p. 252

Analysis of Case-Control Studies p. 255

The Case-Crossover Study: A New Type of Case-Control Study p. 258

Applications of Case-Control Studies p. 260

Strengths and Limitations of Case-Control Studies p. 261

Chapter 10 Bias p. 267

Overview of Bias p. 268

Selection Bias p. 270

Information Bias p. 278

Chapter 11 Confounding p. 295

Definition and Examples of Confounding p. 295

Confounding by Indication and Severity p. 301

Controlling for Confounding: General Considerations p. 302

Controlling for Confounding in the Design p. 302

Controlling for Confounding in the Analysis p. 305

Residual Confounding p. 309

Assessment of Mediation p. 310

Chapter 12 Random Error p. 315

History of Biostatistics in Public Health p. 316

Precision p. 317

Sampling p. 319

Hypothesis Testing and P Values p. 320

Confidence Interval Estimation p. 326

P-Value Function p. 329

Probability Distributions p. 330

Hypothesis-Testing Statistics p. 336

Confidence Intervals for Measures of Disease Frequency and Association p. 339

Sample Size and Power Calculations p. 345

Chapter 13 Effect Measure Modification p. 351

Definitions and Terms for Effect Measure Modification p. 352

Effect Measure Modification Versus Confounding p. 353

Evaluation of Effect Measure Modification p. 354

Synergy and Antagonism p. 359

Choice of Measure p. 360

Evaluating Effect Measure Modification and Confounding in Stratified Analyses p. 361

Chapter 14 Critical Review of Epidemiological Studies p. 367

Guide to Answering the Critique Questions p. 369

Sample Critiques of Epidemiological Studies p. 378

Chapter 15 The Epidemiological Approach to Causation p. 393

Definitions of a Cause p. 395

Characteristics of a Cause p. 397

Risk Factors Versus Causes p. 398

Historical Development of Disease Causation Theories p. 399

Hill's Guidelines for Assessing Causation p. 402

Use of Hill's Guidelines by Epidemiologists p. 407

Sufficient-Component Cause Model p. 408

Why Mainstream Scientists Believe That HIV Is the Cause of HIV/AIDS p. 411

Chapter 16 Screening in Public Health Practice p. 419

Natural History of Disease p. 420

Definition of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention p. 421

Appropriate Diseases for Screening p. 423

Characteristics of a Screening Test p. 426

Lead Time p. 430

Predictive Value: A Measure of Screening Program Feasibility p. 431

Evaluating a Screening Program p. 434

Bias p. 434

Selecting an Outcome p. 437

Study Designs to Evaluate Screening Programs p. 438

Examples of the Effect of Screening on Public Health p. 440

Chapter 17 Ethics in Research Involving Human Participants (Contributed p. 449 / Molly Pretorius Holme)

Historical Perspective p. 450

International Ethical and Research Practice Guidelines p. 457

The U.S. Regulatory Framework for Human Subjects Research p. 458

Limitations Posed by Ethical Requirements p. 460

Contemporary Examples p. 460

The Informed Consent Process p. 461

Chapter 18 Answers to Chapter Questions (Chapters 1-17) p. 469.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI Available via World Wide Web.

Online resource; title from PDF title page (EBSCO, viewed August 10, 2018).

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the President Emeritus Martin Meyerson Fund.

Other Format:

Print version: Aschengrau, Ann. Essentials of epidemiology in public health.

ISBN:

9781284128369

1284128369

Publisher Number:

99978222852

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.