Experimental methods and instrumentation for chemical engineers / Gregory S. Patience.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Patience, Gregory S., author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Chemical engineering--Safety measures.

Chemical engineering.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (426 pages)

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier, 2018.

Summary:

Experimental Methods and Instrumentation for Chemical Engineers, Second Edition, touches many aspects of engineering practice, research, and statistics. The principles of unit operations, transport phenomena, and plant design constitute the focus of chemical engineering in the latter years of the curricula. Experimental methods and instrumentation is the precursor to these subjects. This resource integrates these concepts with statistics and uncertainty analysis to define what is necessary to measure and to control, how precisely and how often.The completely updated second edition is divided into several themes related to data: metrology, notions of statistics, and design of experiments. The book then covers basic principles of sensing devices, with a brand new chapter covering force and mass, followed by pressure, temperature, flow rate, and physico-chemical properties. It continues with chapters that describe how to measure gas and liquid concentrations, how to characterize solids, and finally a new chapter on spectroscopic techniques such as UV/Vis, IR, XRD, XPS, NMR, and XAS. Throughout the book, the author integrates the concepts of uncertainty, along with a historical context and practical examples.A problem solutions manual is available from the author upon request.- Includes the basics for 1st and 2nd year chemical engineers, providing a foundation for unit operations and transport phenomena- Features many practical examples- Offers exercises for students at the end of each chapter- Includes up-to-date detailed drawings and photos of equipment

Contents:

Front Cover

Experimental Methods and Instrumentation for Chemical Engineers

Copyright

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

1 Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 Metrology

1.3 Scienti c Method

1.4 Industrial Quality Control

1.5 Units of Physical Quantities

1.6 Writing Conventions

1.7 Unit Conversion

1.8 Exercises

References

2 Measurement and Analysis

2.1 Overview

2.2 Signi cant Figures

2.3 Statistical Notions

2.3.1 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution

2.3.2 Criterion of Chauvenet

2.3.3 Uncertainty (Type B)

2.3.4 Con dence Intervals and Uncertainty (Type A)

2.3.5 Sample Size

2.3.6 Uncertainty Propagation

2.4 Instrumentation Concepts

2.4.1 Interval

2.4.2 Range, Span, Full Scale

2.4.3 Resolution, Sensitivity, Detection Limit, Threshold

2.4.4 Precision

2.4.5 Error

2.4.6 Accuracy

2.4.7 Repeatability and Reproducibility

2.5 Representing Data Graphically

2.5.1 Plotting Pitfalls

2.5.2 3-D and Contour Graphs

2.5.3 Bar Charts

2.6 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

2.7 Error Bars

2.8 Exercises

3 Experimental Planning

3.1 Overview

3.2 Data and Experiments

3.2.1 Monitoring

3.2.2 Quali cation

3.2.3 Prove-Out

3.2.4 Scouting/Process Development

3.2.5 Troubleshooting

3.3 Data Analysis

3.3.1 Data Smoothing

3.3.2 Hypothesis Testing

3.3.3 Statistical Tests

3.3.4 Error Bars

3.3.5 Regression Analysis

3.3.6 Coef cient of Determination

3.3.7 Nonlinear Regression Analysis

3.3.8 Errant Model Data

3.4 Design of Experiments (DOE)

3.5 Statistical Designs

3.5.1 Full Factorial Designs

3.5.2 Fractional Factorial Designs

3.5.3 Plackett-Burman Design

3.5.4 Taguchi Design

3.5.5 Central Composite Design-CCD

3.5.6 Box-Behnken Design

3.5.7 Case Study-Saving Organic Apples

3.6 Exercises.

References

4 Force and Mass

4.1 Overview

4.2 Electrical Properties of Strained Metals

4.3 Strain Gauge

4.3.1 Gauge Factor

4.3.2 Strain Gauge Circuit

4.3.3 The Impact of Temperature on Resistance

4.4 Strain to Measure Force and Mass

4.4.1 Load Cells

4.4.2 Pressure Sensors

4.5 Other Force Sensing Techniques

4.5.1 Force Sensing Resistors

4.5.2 Electromagnetic Force Compensation

4.5.3 Piezoelectric Sensors and Accelerometers

4.6 Exercises

5 Pressure

5.1 Overview

5.2 Units of Pressure

5.3 Types of Pressure

5.3.1 Atmospheric Pressure

5.3.2 Gauge Pressure

5.3.3 Differential Pressure

5.3.4 Vacuum Pressure

5.3.5 Static and Dynamic Pressure

5.3.6 Barometric Pressure

5.4 Instrumentation

5.4.1 Barometer

5.4.2 U-Tube Manometer

5.4.3 Bourdon Gauge

5.4.4 Diaphragm and Bellows

5.4.5 Vacuum

5.4.6 Capsule Pressure Gauge

5.4.7 McLeod Gauge

5.4.8 Pirani Gauge

5.5 Process Equipment and Safety

5.5.1 Pressure Regulator

5.5.2 Back Pressure Regulator

5.5.3 Relief Valves

5.5.4 Rupture Disk

5.5.5 Pressure Testing

5.5.6 Leak Test

5.6 Instrumentation

5.7 Exercises

6 Temperature

6.1 Overview

6.2 Temperature Scales

6.2.1 Wet-Bulb, Dry-Bulb Temperature, Dew Point

6.2.2 Humidex, Heat Index

6.2.3 Wind Chill Factor

6.3 Mechanical Instruments

6.3.1 Gas Thermometers

6.3.2 Liquid Thermometers

6.3.3 Bimetallic Thermometers

6.4 Electrical Instruments

6.4.1 Thermistors

6.4.2 Resistance Temperature Devices (RTDs)

6.4.3 Thermocouples

6.4.4 Thermopile

6.5 Radiation

6.6 Pyrometry

6.6.1 Thermal Radiation

6.6.2 Pyrometers

6.7 Exercises

7 Fluid Metering

7.1 Overview

7.2 Fluid Dynamics

7.3 Flow Meter Selection

7.4 Positive Displacement.

7.5 Differential Pressure

7.5.1 Obstruction Meters-Ori ce

7.5.2 Obstruction Meters-Venturi

7.5.3 Compressible Flow

7.5.4 Restriction Ori ce

7.5.5 Pitot Tube

7.6 Rotameters

7.7 Thermal Mass Flow Meters-MFC

7.7.1 Hot Wire Anemometry

7.8 Coriolis

7.9 Inferential-Turbine

7.10 Oscillatory-Vortex

7.11 Flow Meters in an Industrial Setting

Exercises

8 Physicochemical Analysis

8.1 Overview

8.2 Thermal Conductivity

8.2.1 Pressure, Temperature Effects

8.2.2 Insulation Design

8.3 Viscosity

8.3.1 Single Phase Flow

8.3.2 Reynolds Number

8.3.3 Prandtl Number

8.3.4 Viscosity Instrumentation

8.3.4.1 Newtonian Fluids

8.3.4.2 The Saybolt Viscometer

8.3.4.3 Non-Newtonian Fluids

8.3.4.4 The Rotational Rheometer

8.3.5 In uence of Temperature and Pressure on Viscosity

8.4 Binary Gas Diffusion

8.4.1 Schmidt Number

8.4.2 Measuring Diffusion

8.4.2.1 Water Vapor Diffusion through Permeable Materials

8.5 Exercises

9 Gas and Liquid Concentration

9.1 Overview

9.2 Chromatography Theory

9.2.1 The Distribution Coef cient

9.2.2 The Capacity Factor

9.2.3 The Selectivity Factor

9.2.4 The Number of Theoretical Plates

9.2.5 Eddy Diffusion

9.2.6 Longitudinal Diffusion

9.2.7 Resistance to Mass Transfer

9.2.8 Resolution

9.3 Gas Chromatography

9.3.1 Columns

9.3.2 Injectors

9.3.3 Detectors

9.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

9.5 Method Development

9.6 Troubleshooting

9.6.1 The Flat Line

9.6.2 Changing Peak Retention Times

9.6.3 Varying Peak Heights

9.7 Mass Spectrometry

9.8 Exercises

10 Analysis of Solids and Powders

10.1 Overview

10.2 Density

10.2.1 Bulk Density

10.2.2 Particle Density

10.2.3 Skeletal Density

10.3 Diameter and Shape.

10.3.1 Equivalent Diameter

10.3.2 Shape Factors-Sphericity

10.3.3 Particle Terminal Velocity

10.3.4 Reactor Pressure Drop (Fixed/Packed Beds)

10.3.5 Fluidization

10.4 Particle Size Distribution

10.4.1 Population of Particles

10.5 Sampling

10.6 Particle Size Distribution (PSD) Analytical Techniques

10.6.1 Sieve Analysis

10.6.2 Laser Diffraction

10.7 Microscopy

10.7.1 Electrical Sensing Instruments

10.7.2 SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy

10.7.2.1 EDS: Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy

10.7.3 TEM: Transmission electron microscopy

10.7.3.1 EDS for TEM

10.8 Surface Area

10.9 Exercises

11 Spectroscopy

11.1 Overview

11.2 Infrared Spectroscopy-IR

11.3 Ultraviolet/Visible Spectroscopy-UV/Vis

11.4 X-ray Diffraction-XRD

11.4.1 Crystalline Materials

11.4.2 Powder Diffraction

11.4.3 Crystal Size

11.5 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy-XPS

11.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-NMR

11.6.1 1H and 13C Liquid NMR Analysis

11.6.2 Reading an NMR Spectrum

11.7 X-ray Absorption-XAS

11.7.1 The Absorption Coef cient (µ)

11.7.2 XAS Experimental Setup

11.7.3 X-ray Fluorescence-XRF

11.7.4 The Near-Edge Structure-XANES

11.7.5 Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure-EXAFS

11.8 Refractometry

11.9 Exercises

Solutions

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Index

Back Cover.

Notes:

Includes index.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed September 11, 2017).

ISBN:

9780444637925

0444637923