Heat recovery steam generator technology / edited by Vernon L. Eriksen.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Eriksen, Vernon, author.

Contributor:

Eriksen, Vernon L., editor.

Series:

Woodhead Publishing in energy.

Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Waste heat boilers.

Waste heat boilers--Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (425 pages) : illustrations.

Edition:

1st edition

Place of Publication:

Royston Road, Duxford, Kidlington, England ; Cambridge, Massachusetts : Woodhead Publishing, 2017.

System Details:

text file

Summary:

Heat Recovery Steam Generator Technology is the first fully comprehensive resource to provide readers with the fundamental information needed to understand HRSGs. The book's highly experienced editor has selected a number of key technical personnel to contribute to the book, also including burner and emission control device suppliers and qualified practicing engineers. In the introduction, various types of HRSGs are identified and discussed, along with their market share. The fundamental principles of the technology are covered, along with the various components and design specifics that should be considered. Its simple organization makes finding answers quick and easy. The text is fully supported by examples and case studies, and is illustrated by photographs of components and completed power plants to further increase knowledge and understanding of HRSG technology. Presents the fundamental principles and theories behind HRSG technology that is supported by practical design examples and illustrations Includes practical applications of combined cycle power plants and waste recovery that are both fully covered and supported by optimization throughout the book Helps readers do a better job of specifying, procuring, installing, operating, and maintaining HRSGs

Contents:

Front Cover

Heat Recovery Steam Generator Technology

Copyright Page

Contents

List of contributors

1 Introduction

Chapter outline

1.1 Gas turbine-based power plants

1.1.1 Advantages

1.1.2 History

1.1.3 Outlook

1.2 Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)

1.2.1 Role of the HRSG in the power plant

1.2.2 Characteristics

1.2.3 Types of HRSGs

1.2.3.1 Horizontal gas flow, vertical tube, natural circulation design

1.2.3.2 Vertical gas flow, horizontal tube, forced circulation design

1.2.3.3 Vertical gas flow, horizontal tube, natural circulation design

1.2.3.4 Small once-through design

1.2.3.5 Large once-through design

1.2.3.6 Benson design

1.2.3.7 Enhanced oil recovery design

1.2.3.8 Very high fired design

1.3 Focus and structure of book

References

2 The combined cycle and variations that use HRSGs

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Combining the Brayton and Rankine cycles

2.3 The central role of HRSGs in combined cycle design

2.3.1 Pressure levels

2.3.2 Reheat

2.3.3 Other decisions affecting heat recovery

2.3.3.1 Amount of surface area

2.3.3.2 Surface area sequencing

2.3.3.3 Supplementary firing

2.3.3.4 Stack temperature

2.4 Power cycle variations that use HRSGs

2.4.1 Cogeneration

2.4.2 Steam power augmentation

2.4.3 Integrated gasification combined cycle

2.4.4 Solar hybrid

2.5 Conclusion

Reference

3 Fundamentals

Nomenclature

Subscripts

3.1 Thermal design

3.1.1 Energy balance

3.1.2 Economizer

3.1.3 Superheater

3.1.4 Supplemental firing

3.1.5 Split superheater

3.1.6 Multiple pressure systems

3.1.7 Heat exchanger design

3.1.7.1 Pressure drop

3.1.7.2 Finned tubing

3.1.7.3 Tube arrangement

3.1.7.4 Two-phase flow

3.1.7.5 Evaporation and circulation.

3.1.7.6 Instability

3.2 Mechanical design

3.2.1 Nonpressure parts

3.2.2 Pressure parts

3.2.3 Tube vibration and acoustic resonance

4 Vertical tube natural circulation evaporators

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Evaporator design fundamentals

4.2.1 Heat transfer/heat flux

4.2.2 Natural circulation and circulation ratio

4.2.3 Flow accelerated corrosion

4.3 Steam drum design

4.3.1 Drum water levels and volumes

4.3.1.1 High high water level trip

4.3.1.2 High water level alarm

4.3.1.3 Normal water level

4.3.1.4 Low water level alarm

4.3.1.5 Low low water level trip

4.3.2 Drum internals

4.3.2.1 Primary separator

4.3.2.2 Secondary separator

4.4 Steam drum operation

4.4.1 Continuous blowdown and intermittent blowoff systems

4.4.2 Drum level control

4.4.2.1 Single-element control

4.4.2.2 Three-element control

4.4.3 Startup drum level

4.5 Specialty steam drums

4.5.1 Multiple drum designs for fast start cycles

4.5.2 Deaerators

4.5.2.1 Integral floating pressure deaerator

4.5.2.2 Remote deaerator

5 Economizers and feedwater heaters

5.1 Custom design

5.1.1 Full circuit

5.1.2 Half circuit

5.2 Standard design

5.2.1 Full circuit

5.2.2 Half circuit

5.3 Flow distribution

5.4 Mechanical details

5.4.1 Tube orientation

5.4.2 Venting

5.4.3 Steaming

5.4.4 Corrosion fatigue

5.5 Feedwater heaters

5.5.1 Concerns

5.5.2 Feedwater heater arrangements

5.5.3 Dew point monitoring

6 Superheaters and reheaters

6.1 Introduction

6.2 General description of superheaters

6.2.1 Process steam

6.2.2 Power plant steam turbine

6.2.3 Steam purity vs various applications

6.3 Design types and considerations.

6.3.1 Tube External/Outside Heating Surface

6.3.2 Staggered/inline

6.3.3 Countercurrent/cocurrent/crossflow

6.3.4 Headers/jumpers vs upper returns

6.3.5 Circuitry

6.3.6 Sliding/floating pressure operation

6.3.7 Unfired/supplemental fired

6.3.7.1 Burner in inlet duct

6.3.7.2 Split superheater/reheater

6.3.7.3 Screen evaporator

6.3.7.4 Supplemental firing at combustion gas turbine part load

6.3.7.5 Supplemental firing impact downstream of the high-pressure evaporator

6.3.8 Bundle support types

6.3.9 Tube-to-header connections

6.4 Outlet temperature control

6.4.1 Spraywater desuperheater

6.4.1.1 Interstage

6.4.1.2 Water source vs steam purity

6.4.2 Steam bypass attemperator

6.4.3 Mixing requirements for each

6.5 Base load vs fast startup and/or high cycling

6.6 Drainability and automation (coils, desuperheater, etc.)

6.7 Flow distribution

6.7.1 Steam side

6.7.2 Gas side

6.8 Materials

6.9 Conclusions

7 Duct burners

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Applications

7.2.1 Cogeneration

7.2.2 Combined cycle

7.2.3 Air heating

7.2.4 Fume incineration

7.2.5 Stack gas reheat

7.3 Burner technology

7.3.1 In-duct or inline configuration

7.3.2 Grid configuration (gas firing)

7.3.3 Grid configuration (liquid firing)

7.4 Fuels

7.4.1 Natural gas

7.4.1.1 Refinery/chemical plant fuels

7.4.1.2 Low heating value

7.4.1.3 Liquid fuels

7.5 Combustion air and turbine exhaust gas

7.5.1 Temperature and composition

7.5.2 Turbine power augmentation

7.5.3 Velocity and distribution

7.5.4 Ambient air firing (air-only systems and HRSG backup)

7.5.5 Augmenting air

7.5.6 Equipment configuration and TEG/combustion airflow straightening

7.6 Physical modeling

7.6.1 CFD modeling

7.6.1.1 Wing geometry: variations

Flame holders.

Basic flame holder

Low-emissions design

7.7 Emissions

7.7.1 Visible plumes

7.7.2 NOx and NO versus NO2

7.7.3 CO, UBHC, SOx, and particulates

7.7.3.1 Carbon monoxide

7.7.3.2 Unburned hydrocarbons

7.7.3.3 Sulfur dioxide

7.7.3.4 Particulate matter

7.8 Maintenance

7.8.1 Accessories

7.8.1.1 Burner management system

7.8.1.2 Fuel train

7.9 Design guidelines and codes

7.9.1 NFPA 8506 (National Fire Protection Association)

7.9.2 Factory mutual

7.9.3 Underwriters' laboratories

7.9.4 ANSI B31.1 and B31.3 (American National Standards Institute)

7.9.5 Others

8 Selective catalytic reduction for reduced NOx emissions

8.1 History of SCR

8.2 Regulatory drivers

8.3 Catalyst materials and construction

8.4 Impact on HRSG design and performance

8.4.1 SCR location within the HRSG

8.4.1.1 Ammonium salt formation

8.4.1.2 Sulfuric acid

8.4.2 SCR configuration

8.4.2.1 Ammonia oxidation to nitric oxide

8.4.3 SCR support structure

8.4.4 Performance impacts

8.5 Drivers and advances in the SCR field

8.5.1 Enhanced reliability and lower pressure loss

8.5.2 Transient response

8.5.3 Advancements in multifunction catalyst

8.6 Future outlook for SCR

9 Carbon monoxide oxidizers

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Oxidation catalyst fundamentals

9.2.1 Activity and selectivity

9.2.2 Catalytic reaction pathway

9.2.3 The effect of the rate limiting step

9.3 The oxidation catalyst

9.3.1 The active material

9.3.2 The carrier

9.3.3 The substrate

9.3.4 Putting it all together

9.4 The design

9.4.1 Defining the problem

9.4.2 Choosing the catalyst

9.4.3 Determining the catalyst volume

9.4.4 System considerations

9.5 Operation and maintenance

9.5.1 Initial commissioning.

9.5.2 Stable operation

9.5.3 Data analysis

9.5.4 Catalyst deactivation mechanisms

9.5.5 Catalyst characterization

9.5.6 Reclaim

9.6 Future trends

Supplemental reading

10 Mechanical design

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Code of design: mechanical

10.3 Code of design: structural

10.4 Owner's specifications and regulatory Body/organizational review

10.5 Pressure parts

10.5.1 Design methods

10.5.2 Design parameters

10.5.3 Material selection

10.5.4 Mechanical component geometries and arrangements

10.6 Mechanical design

10.6.1 General information

10.6.2 Internal "Hoop" stress

10.6.3 Reinforced openings (compensation)

10.6.4 Allowable design stress

10.7 Pressure parts design flexibility

10.7.1 General information

10.7.2 Coil flexibility

10.7.3 Material transitions (dissimilar metals)

10.7.4 Others

10.8 Structural components

10.8.1 Dead loads

10.8.2 Live loads

10.8.3 Wind loads

10.8.4 Seismic loads

10.8.5 Operating and other loads

10.9 Structural solutions

10.9.1 Design philosophy

10.9.2 Lateral force-resisting system

10.9.3 Longitudinal force-resisting system

10.9.4 Anchorage (embedments)

10.9.5 Material selection

10.10 Piping and support solutions

10.11 Field erection and constructability

10.12 Fabrication

10.13 Conclusion

11 Fast-start and transient operation

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Components most affected

11.3 Effect of pressure

11.4 Change in temperature

11.5 Materials

11.6 Construction details

11.7 Corrosion

11.8 Creep

11.9 HRSG operation

11.9.1 Startup

11.9.2 Shutdown and trips

11.9.3 Load changes

11.9.4 Layup

11.10 Life assessments

11.10.1 Methods

11.10.2 Responsibilities

11.10.3 Fast start

11.10.4 Scope items for cycling.

11.11 National Fire Protection Association purge credit.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed March 20, 2017).

ISBN:

9780081019412

0081019416

OCLC:

986540195