Offshore electrical engineering manual / Geoff MacAngus-Gerrard.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

MacAngus-Gerrard, Geoff, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Electrical engineering.

Offshore structures.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (543 pages) : illustrations, charts

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, Massachusetts : Gulf Professional Publishing, 2018.

Summary:

Offshore Electrical Engineering Manual, Second Edition, is for electrical engineers working on offshore projects who require detailed knowledge of an array of equipment and power distribution systems. The book begins with coverage of different types of insulation, hot-spot temperatures, temperature rise, ambient air temperatures, basis of machine ratings, method of measurement of temperature rise by resistance, measurement of ambient air temperature. This is followed by coverage of AC generators, automatic voltage regulators, AC switchgear transformers, and programmable electronic systems.The emphasis throughout is on practical, ready-to-apply techniques that yield immediate and cost-effective benefits. The majority of the systems covered in the book operate at a nominal voltage of 24 y dc and, although it is not necessary for each of the systems to have separate battery and battery charger systems, the grouping criteria require more detailed discussion.The book also provides information on equipment such as dual chargers and batteries for certain vital systems, switchgear tripping/closing, and engine start batteries which are dedicated to the equipment they supply. In the case of engines which drive fire pumps, duplicate charges and batteries are also required.Packed with charts, tables, and diagrams, this work is intended to be of interest to both technical readers and to general readers. It covers electrical engineering in offshore situations, with much of the information gained in the North Sea. Some topics covered are offshore power requirements, generator selection, process drivers and starting requirements, control and monitoring systems, and cabling and equipment installation- Discusses how to perform inspections of electrical and instrument systems on equipment using appropriate regulations and specifications- Explains how to ensure electrical systems/components are maintained and production is uninterrupted- Demonstrates how to repair, modify, and install electrical instruments ensuring compliance with current regulations and specifications- Covers specification, management, and technical evaluation of offshore electrical system design- Features evaluation and optimization of electrical system options including DC/AC selection and offshore cabling designs

Contents:

Front Cover

Offshore Electrical Engineering Manual

Notice From the Author

Copyright

Contents

Preface to Second Edition

Acknowledgements

FIRST EDITION, OFFSHORE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (SEE REVISION NOTES)

REVISION NOTES

SECOND EDITION, OFFSHORE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MANUAL

1 - Introduction and Scope

1 - The Offshore Electrical Dimension

INTRODUCTION

MARINE ENVIRONMENT

HAZARDS OFFSHORE

GAS

CRUDE OIL AND CONDENSATES

OPERATIONAL HAZARDS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA

DESCRIPTION OF A TYPICAL SYSTEM

MAIN PRIME MOVERS

KEY SERVICES OR SUBMAIN GENERATORS

MEDIUM-VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION

LOW-VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION

EMERGENCY OR BASIC SERVICES SWITCHBOARD

FIRE PUMPS

SECURE ALTERNATING CURRENT AND DIRECT CURRENT POWER SUPPLIES

DRILLING SUPPLIES

2 - The Offshore Electrical Environment

SAFETY

ISOLATED SITUATION

ENVIRONMENT

WATER HAZARDS

HYDROCARBON HAZARDS

FIRE AND GAS MONITORING

EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN SYSTEM

SAFE AND HAZARDOUS AREA VENTILATION

DISTRIBUTION CONFIGURATION

MODULAR CONSTRUCTION

SUBSEA CABLE VERSUS ON-BOARD GENERATION

2 - Offshore Electrical Systems and Equipment

1 - Insulation and Temperature Ratings of Equipment

INSULATING MATERIALS

HOT-SPOT TEMPERATURES

TEMPERATURE RISE

AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURES

BASIS OF MACHINE RATINGS

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE RISE BY RESISTANCE

MEASUREMENT OF AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE

TYPICAL ALTERNATOR HEAT RUN PROCEDURE

DO NOT READJUST AVR DURING HEAT RUN

RATINGS FOR VARIABLE SPEED MOTORS

THERMAL OVERLOADS AND MOTOR THERMAL PROTECTION

ATEX EX 'E' INCREASED SAFETY CERTIFIED MOTORS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

2 - Alternating Current Synchronous Generators

PRINCIPALS OF OPERATION

SPEED.

GENERATING VOLTAGE

SUBTRANSIENT REACTANCE

TRANSIENT REACTANCE

POWER FACTOR

THE BRUSHLESS ALTERNATOR

GENERATOR CAPABILITY DIAGRAM

PARALLEL OPERATION OF GENERATORS

LOAD SHARING OF GENERATORS

NOTE ON COMPOUNDING

LOAD-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS (REGULATION)

3 - Emergency Generators

EMERGENCY GENERATION

4 - Prime Mover Selection Criteria

GAS TURBINES

GAS TURBINE APPLICATIONS

FUEL GAS SUPPLY DISTURBANCES

TURBINE TEMPERATURE LIMITS

GAS INGESTION FROM LEAKS

RECIPROCATING ENGINES

DIESEL ENGINES

GAS-IGNITION ENGINES

FUEL GAS PRESSURE

FUEL GAS TEMPERATURE AND COMBUSTION KNOCK

SPARK DURATION AND VOLTAGE

FUEL GAS DISTURBANCES

LOAD PROFILES

PROJECTED DEMAND

VARIABILITY OF DEMAND OVER 24 HOURS

LOW LOADING PROBLEMS

CHOICE OF FUEL

MAIN GENERATION

NUMBER REQUIRED

SIZE

LOCATION

COOLING SYSTEMS

LUBE OIL SYSTEMS

GOVERNORS

ALTERNATORS AND EXCITATION SYSTEMS

NEUTRAL EARTHING

STARTING REQUIREMENTS

KEY SERVICES GENERATION

5 - Generation and Distribution Switchgear and Transformers

SWITCHGEAR - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

THE MECHANISM OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT INTERRUPTION

BREAKING CURRENT

MAKING CURRENT

TYPES OF INTERRUPTER

HRC CARTRIDGE FUSES

AIR CIRCUIT BREAKERS

BULK OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS

LIMITED OIL VOLUME CIRCUIT BREAKERS

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND CONTACTORS

SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) CIRCUIT BREAKERS

SWITCHBOARD CONSTRUCTION

GENERAL

MAIN SWITCHBOARDS 6.6-13.8KV

LARGE DRIVE SWITCHBOARDS 3.3-6.6KV

UTILITY SERVICES AND PRODUCTION SWITCHBOARDS

EMERGENCY SWITCHBOARDS

LIVING QUARTERS SUPPLIES

PROCESS AREA DISTRIBUTION

TRANSFORMERS

6 - Direct Current Generators

COMPOUND-WOUND GENERATORS

ADJUSTMENT OF COMPOUNDING

PARALLEL OPERATION.

7 - Direct Current Switchgear

SWITCHING DIRECT CURRENTS

SPECIFICATION

8 - Electrical Cables

SELECTION

INSTALLATION

TRANSITS, GLANDS AND CONNECTORS

TRANSITS

GLANDS

CONNECTORS

BUS DUCTING

CABLES FOR INTRINSICALLY SAFE CIRCUITS

9 - Motors

VOLTAGE LEVELS

STARTING

SPEED

POLE CONFIGURATION

COOLING AND INGRESS PROTECTION

PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS

10 - Motor Control Gear

LOW-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND MOTOR CONTROL CENTRES FOR OFFSHORE USE

INTELLIGENT MOTOR CONTROL CENTRES

MOTOR CONTROL CENTRE SOFTWARE

MEDIUM-VOLTAGE STARTERS

DIRECT ON LINE STARTING

ELECTRONIC STARTERS

11 - Power Electronics (Semiconductor Equipment)

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

UNINTERRUPTIBLE AND SECURE POWER SUPPLIES

DIRECT CURRENT SUPPLIES

ALTERNATING CURRENT SUPPLIES

SELECTION OF VOLTAGE TOLERANCES

BATTERIES

TYPES OF BATTERIES

Lead-Acid Planté Cells

Lead-Acid Recombination Cells

Nickel-Cadmium Cells

BOOST CHARGING FACILITIES

VENTILATION AND HOUSING OF VENTED BATTERIES

SEALED CELLS

SOLID-STATE CONTROLLERS

BURST-FIRED (INTEGRAL CYCLE FIRED) PROCESS HEATER CONTROLLERS

DIRECT CURRENT VARIABLE-SPEED DRIVES

ALTERNATING CURRENT VARIABLE-FREQUENCY DRIVES

VARIABLE-SPEED DRIVE OR VARIABLE-FREQUENCY DRIVE

12 - Process Drives and Starting Requirements

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

RECIPROCATING PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS

GAS COMPRESSORS

DIRECT CURRENT DRILLING MOTORS

POWER SWIVELS

SEAWATER LIFT PUMPS

DIESEL-ELECTRIC FIRE PUMPS

FIRE PUMP DIESEL ENGINE STARTING REQUIREMENTS

DOWNHOLE PUMPS

MAIN OIL LINE AND WATER INJECTION PUMPS

13 - Subsea Supplies and Cathodic Protection

INTRODUCTION.

SUBSEA POWER SUPPLIES

DIVER'S LIFE SUPPORT EQUIPMENT

SUBSEA COMPLETION MODULES

DIVING CHAMBERS FOR SATURATION DIVING

INDUCTIVE COUPLERS

SUBSEA UMBILICALS AND POWER CABLES

CATHODIC PROTECTION

TYPES OF SYSTEM

Impressed Current Systems

Impressed Current Systems on Submerged Pipelines

GALVANIC ANODE SYSTEMS

CATHODIC PROTECTION CALCULATIONS

14 - Offshore Lighting

LIGHTING CALCULATIONS

POINT SOURCES

LINEAR SOURCES

UTILISATION FACTORS FOR INTERIORS AND AVERAGE ILLUMINANCE

CALCULATION PROCEDURE

AVERAGE ILLUMINANCE

ILLUMINANCE AT A POINT

FLOODLIGHTING

ACCOMMODATION LIGHTING

NORMAL LIGHTING

ACCOMMODATION EMERGENCY LIGHTING

PROCESS AREA LIGHTING

DRILLING AREAS

LAYDOWN AREAS

HELIDECKS

JACKET AND LEG LIGHTING

NAVIGATIONAL LIGHTING

WALKWAYS, CATWALKS AND STAIRWAYS

EMERGENCY ESCAPE LIGHTING

ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

15 - Process Control and Monitoring Systems

PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS

PROCESS SHUTDOWN SYSTEM

FIRE AND GAS CONSIDERATIONS

16 - Transformers

TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION

TRANSFORMER REGULATION

17 - Telecommunications - Internal and External

INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS

REDUNDANCY, DIVERSITY, SURVIVABILITY AND SAFETY ISSUES

EXTERNAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS

REDUNDANCY, DIVERSITY AND SAFETY ISSUES

NOTES

3 - Design Project Organization

1 - Notes on Detailed Design Project Organisation and Documentation

TECHNICAL ORGANISATION OF THE DESIGN PROGRAMME

PROJECT PROCEDURES

OFFICE ENVIRONMENT AND PROCEDURES

OFFICE PROCEDURES

DRAWING REPRESENTATION

DATABASES AND SCHEDULES

MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT HANDLING AND STORAGE

ERECTION PROCEDURE

4 - Electrical Faultsand Protection Devices.

1 - Alternator Faults and Protection Devices

NEUTRAL EARTHING AND EARTH FAULTS

OVERLOAD PROTECTION

OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

PHASE AND INTERTURN FAULTS

WINDING PROTECTION

OVER-/UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION

OVER-/UNDERFREQUENCY PROTECTION

UNBALANCED LOADING AND NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION

ROTOR FAULTS

FIELD FAULTS AND ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATION

PACKAGE CONTROL AND SUPERVISION, MASTER TRIP AND LOCKOUT RELAYS

2 - Transformer Faults and Protection Devices

TRANSFORMER FAULTS

EARTH FAULTS

PHASE-TO-PHASE FAULTS

CORE AND INTERTURN FAULTS

MAGNETISING INRUSH

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

OIL AND GAS-OPERATED DEVICES

PARALLEL TRANSFORMERS AND INTERTRIPPING

MOMENTARY PARALLELING SCHEMES

INTERTRIPPING

3 - Motor Faults and Protection

MOTOR WINDING ELECTRICAL FAULTS

MOTOR MECHANICAL FAULTS

Bearing failures

ABNORMALITIES IN THE DRIVEN MACHINERY

ABNORMALITIES IN THE SUPPLY SYSTEM

STALLING PROTECTION

PHASE UNBALANCE PROTECTION

CONVENTIONAL RELAY TYPES

STATIC AND MICROPROCESSOR-BASED RELAY TYPES

ADDITIONAL PROTECTION FOR SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

DETECTION OF MOTOR FAULTS ON LARGE MOTORS WITH THE ROGOWSKI COILS

4 - Busbar Protection

BUSBAR FAULTS

OVERCURRENT AND DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

UNRESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

FRAME EARTH PROTECTION

5 - Feeder Protection, Conductor Sizing, Load Flow and Fault Calculation

FUSES

MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKERS

OVERCURRENT AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

SIZING OF CONDUCTORS

LOAD FLOW

BUSBAR SIZING

CABLE SIZING

WORKED EXAMPLE: FAULT CALCULATION

MAIN GENERATOR FAULT CURRENTS

SWITCHBOARD FAULT CURRENTS.

6 - Calculation of Load Flow, Prospective Fault Currents and Transient Disturbances.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

0-12-385499-7