Steels.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. (Harshad Kumar Dharamshi Hansraj), 1953-

Contributor:

Honeycombe, R. W. K. (Robert William Kerr)

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Steel--Metallography.

Steel.

Steel--Metallurgy.

Physical metallurgy.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (490 pages)

Edition:

Fourth edition.

Place of Publication:

San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2017.

Summary:

This volume outlines the principles determining the microstructure, mechanical behavior and properties of steels, the most widely-used metallic alloy. It is updated with new material on nanostructured steels, novel alloys for energy industries, and the latest technologies for the automobile industry.

Contents:

Front Cover

Steels: Microstructure and Properties

Copyright

Contents

Preface to the First Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the Third Edition

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Acknowledgments

Acronyms

Nomenclature

1 Iron and Its Interstitial Solutions

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Allotropes of pure iron

1.2.1 Thin lms and isolated particles

1.3 Austenite to ferrite transformation

1.3.1 Mechanisms of transformation

1.4 Carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen in solution

1.4.1 Solubility in a- and γ-iron

1.4.2 Diffusion of solutes in iron

1.4.3 Practical consequences of diffusion

Surface treatment

Homogenisation

1.5 Summary

References

Backnotes

2 Strengthening of Iron and Its Alloys

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Work hardening

2.3 Interstitial solid solution strengthening

2.3.1 The yield point

2.3.2 Role of interstitial elements in yield phenomena

2.3.3 Strengthening at high interstitial concentrations

2.4 Substitutional solution strengthening

2.5 Grain size

2.5.1 Hall-Petch effect

2.5.2 Nanostructured steels

2.6 Dispersion strengthening

2.7 Overall strength

2.8 Some practical aspects

2.9 Limits to strength

2.9.1 Theoretical strength

2.9.2 Hundreds of times stronger than steel

Fracture

2.10 Summary

3 Iron-Carbon Equilibrium and Plain Carbon Steels

3.1 Iron-carbon equilibrium phase diagram

3.2 Austenite-ferrite transformation

3.3 Austenite-cementite transformation

3.4 Kinetics of the γ-&gt

a transformation

3.4.1 Growth kinetics of ferrite

3.5 Widmanstätten ferrite

3.5.1 Morphology

3.5.2 Shape change

3.5.3 Growth kinetics of Widmanstätten ferrite

3.5.4 Summary

3.6 Austenite-pearlite reaction

3.6.1 The morphology of pearlite

3.6.2 The crystallography of pearlite.

Pitsch/Petch relationship

Bagaryatski relationship

3.6.3 Kinetics of pearlite growth

3.6.4 Divorced pearlite

3.6.5 Overall kinetics of pearlite formation

3.6.6 The strength of pearlite

3.7 Ferrite-pearlite steels

Normalising

Annealing

3.8 Summary

4 Solutes that Substitute for Iron

4.1 General principles

4.2 Alloying elements: γ and a phase elds

4.3 Distribution of alloying elements in steels

4.4 Effect of alloying elements on the kinetics of the γ/a transformation

4.4.1 The effect of alloying elements on the ferrite reaction

4.4.2 The effect of alloying elements on the pearlite reaction

Other effects

4.4.3 Alloy pearlite

4.5 Structural changes resulting from alloying additions

4.5.1 Ferrite/alloy carbide aggregates

Continuous growth of bres/laths

Repeated nucleation of carbides (interphase precipitation)

Nucleation in supersaturated ferrite

4.5.2 Alloy carbide bres and laths

4.5.3 Interphase precipitation

4.5.4 Nucleation in supersaturated ferrite

4.6 Transformation diagrams for alloy steels

4.7 Light steels

4.8 Summary

5 Formation of Martensite

5.1 Introduction

5.2 General characteristics

5.2.1 The habit plane

5.2.2 Orientation relationships

5.2.3 Structure of the interface

5.2.4 The shape deformation

5.3 Crystal structure of martensite

5.4 Crystallography of martensitic transformations

5.5 Morphology of ferrous martensites

5.6 Kinetics of martensitic transformation

5.6.1 Nucleation of martensite

5.6.2 Growth of martensite

5.6.3 Overall athermal-transformation kinetics

5.6.4 Effect of alloying elements

5.6.5 Stress-induced transformation

5.6.6 Effect of austenite grain size

5.6.7 Effect of plastic strain on martensitic transformation.

5.6.8 Thermal stabilisation

5.7 Strength of martensite

5.8 Shape memory effect

5.9 Summary

6 Bainite

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Upper bainite (˜550-400°C)

6.3 Lower bainite (˜400-250°C)

6.4 The shape deformation

6.5 Carbon in bainite

6.6 Kinetics

6.7 Transition from upper to lower bainite

6.8 Granular bainite

6.9 Tempering of bainite

6.10 Role of alloying elements

Carbon

Other alloying elements

6.11 Use of bainitic steels

6.12 Summary

7 Acicular Ferrite

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Microstructure

7.3 Mechanism of transformation

7.4 Inclusions as heterogeneous nucleation sites

7.5 Nucleation of acicular ferrite

7.5.1 Lattice matching theory

7.5.2 Other possibilities

7.6 Summary

8 Heat Treatment of Steels: Hardenability

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Use of TTT and continuous cooling diagrams

8.3 Hardenability testing

8.3.1 The Grossman test

8.3.2 The Jominy end quench test

8.4 Effect of grain size and chemical composition on hardenability

8.5 Hardenability and heat treatment

8.6 Quenching stresses and quench cracks

8.7 Cryogenic treatment

8.8 Summary

9 Tempering of Martensite

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Tempering involving cementite and transition carbides

9.2.1 Tempering: stage 1

9.2.2 Tempering: stage 2

9.2.3 Tempering: stage 3

9.2.4 Tempering: stage 4

9.2.5 Role of carbon content

9.3 Mechanical properties of tempered martensite

9.4 Steels with strong carbide-forming elements

9.4.1 The effect of alloying elements on the formation of iron carbides

9.4.2 The formation of alloy carbides: secondary hardening

9.4.3 Nucleation and growth of alloy carbides

9.4.4 Tempering of steels containing vanadium.

9.4.5 Tempering of steels containing chromium

9.4.6 Tempering of steels containing molybdenum and tungsten

9.4.7 Complex alloy steels

9.4.8 Mechanical properties of tempered alloy steels

9.4.9 Mechanical properties: hydrogen trapping

9.5 Maraging steels

9.6 Summary

10 Thermomechanical Treatment of Steels

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Controlled rolling of low-alloy steels

10.2.1 General

10.2.2 Grain size control during controlled rolling

10.2.3 Niobium atom clusters

10.2.4 Minimum achievable grain size

10.2.5 Dispersion strengthening during controlled rolling

10.2.6 Strength of microalloyed steels: an overall view

10.3 Dual-phase steels

10.4 TRIP-assisted steels

10.4.1 Low- or zero-silicon TRIP-assisted steels

10.4.2 Galvanising of TRIP-assisted steels

10.5 TWIP steels

10.6 Industrial steels subjected to thermomechanical treatments

10.7 Ausforming

10.8 Summary

11 The Embrittlement and Fracture of Steels

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Cleavage fracture in iron and steel

11.3 Factors in uencing the onset of cleavage fracture

11.4 Criteria for the ductile-brittle transition

11.5 Practical aspects of brittle fracture

11.6 Hydrogen embrittlement

11.6.1 Prevention of hydrogen embrittlement

11.7 Intergranular embrittlement

11.7.1 Temper embrittlement

11.8 Ductile or brous fracture

11.8.1 General

11.8.2 Role of inclusions in ductility

11.8.3 Role of carbides in ductility

11.8.4 Overheating, burning and liquid metal embrittlement

11.9 Summary

12 Stainless Steel

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The iron-chromium-nickel system

12.3 Chromium-rich carbide in Cr-Ni austenitic steels

12.4 Precipitation of niobium and titanium carbides

Grain boundary:

Dislocations:.

Precipitation in association with stacking faults:

Matrix precipitation:

12.5 Nitrides in austenitic steels

12.6 Intermetallic precipitation in austenite

12.7 Austenitic steels in practical applications

12.8 Oxidation resistant stainless steel

12.9 Duplex and ferritic stainless steels

12.10 Mechanically alloyed stainless steels

12.11 Transformation of metastable austenite

12.12 Summary

13 Weld Microstructures

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Fusion zone

13.2.1 Weld solidi cation

13.2.2 As-deposited microstructure

13.2.3 Allotriomorphic ferrite

13.2.4 Widmanstätten ferrite and acicular ferrite

13.2.5 Sensitivity to carbon

13.3 Heat-affected zone

13.3.1 Heat ow

13.3.2 Microstructural zones

13.3.3 Coarse-grained austenite

13.3.4 Fine-grained austenite zone

13.3.5 Partially austenitic regions and local brittle zones

13.4 Friction stir welding of steels

13.5 Summary

14 Nanostructured Steels

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Why the yearning for exceedingly ne grains?

14.3 Production of nanostructured steel

14.3.1 Shape preserving deformations

14.3.2 Shape altering deformations

14.3.3 Nanostructure without deformation

14.4 Detrimental nanostructures in steels

14.5 Summary

15 Modelling of Structure and Properties

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Example 1: alloy design

15.2.1 Calculation of the T0 curve

15.2.2 The improvement in toughness

15.2.3 Precision and limits

15.3 Example 2: mechanical properties of mixed microstructures

15.3.1 Calculation of the strength of individual phases

15.3.2 Iron and substitutional solutes

15.3.3 Carbon

15.3.4 Dislocations

15.3.5 Lath size

15.3.6 Martensite composition and transformation temperature.

15.3.7 Strength of mixed microstructures.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

0-08-100272-6