Tuning biological nutrient removal plants / Ken Hartley.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Hartley, Ken.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Sewage--Purification--Nutrient removal.

Sewage.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (264 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

IWA Publishing 2013

London : IWA Publishing, 2013.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Tuning Biological Nutrient Removal Plants increases interest in tuning to enhance both performance and capacity, to provide insight into typical plant operating characteristics, and to stimulate operators' interest in studying the behaviour of their own plants. The book focuses on understanding of plant behavioural characteristics so that optimum performance can be achieved and maintained. Tuning Biological Nutrient Removal Plants is carefully organized to cover: influent and effluent characteristics; process fundamentals; individual process characteristics; overall plant characteristics; the evolutionary operation approach to tuning. The approach is practical and the use of mathematics is kept to a minimum and information is supplied in graphical and tabular form. Real operating data from a wide range of plant experiences is included. The book draws on the generosity of many Australian plant owners in permitting their plant data to be incorporated. Not all process types are covered but the tuning principles expounded are universally applicable. The capacity and performance capabilities of a plant are not fixed; both are amenable to on-going enhancement through systematic and enthusiastic effort. The book will help to set new benchmarks in plant operation. Tuning Biological Nutrient Removal Plants is a valuable resource for sewage treatment operations and operations support personnel, sewage process design engineers - operating authorities, consultants, contractors, operators of industrial wastewater treatment plants and sewage treatment lecturers in chemical engineering departments and other training organisations.

Contents:

Cover

Copyright

Contents

About the Authors

Acknowledgements

Preface

Chapter 1: What is tuning?

Chapter 2: Influent and effluent characteristics

2.1 The Catchment

2.2 Flow Characteristics

2.3 Mass Loading Characteristics

2.3.1 Connected population

2.3.2 Flow

2.3.3 COD

2.3.4 SS

2.3.5 pH and alkalinity

2.3.6 Dissolved sulfide

2.3.7 TDS or conductivity

2.3.8 Pathogens

2.3.9 Load ratios

2.3.10 COD/BOD5

2.3.11 Nutrient ratios

2.3.12 Total COD fractions

2.3.13 Soluble unbiodegradable organic N

2.3.14 Nitrifier maximum specific growth rate

2.3.15 Temperature

2.3.16 Energy content

2.3.17 Other sewage components

2.4 Sewer Transformations

2.5 Effect of Primary Treatment

2.6 Effluent Characteristics

Chapter 3: Biological nutrient removal - process fundamentals

3.1 The Basic Process

3.2 Kinetics of Biological Processes

3.2.1 Substrate utilisation

3.2.2 Substrate concentration

3.3 Solids Retention Time

3.3.1 Definition

3.3.2 Calculation

3.4 Carbon Removal

3.4.1 Effect of SRT

3.4.2 Loading conditions

3.4.3 F:M ratio

3.4.4 Mixed liquor suspended solids

3.4.5 Nutrient requirements

3.4.6 Carbonaceous oxygen demand

3.5 Nitrogen Removal

3.5.1 The nitrogen cycle

3.5.2 Nitrification

3.5.3 Denitrification

3.5.4 Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification

3.5.5 Total process oxygen demand

3.6 Phosphorus Removal

3.6.1 Mechanisms

3.6.2 Process characteristics

3.6.3 Adverse factors

3.7 Supplementary Chemical Dosing

3.7.1 Phosphorus removal

3.7.2 Nitrogen removal

3.7.3 Other effects

3.8 Alkalinity and pH

3.8.1 Chemistry

3.8.2 Process behaviour

3.9 Rules of Thumb

Chapter 4: Sludge settleability

4.1 Characterising Settleability

4.2 Settling Rates.

4.3 Factors Affecting Settleability

4.3.1 Non-BNR activated sludge processes

4.3.2 BNR processes

4.4 Effect of SVI on Effluent Quality

4.5 Foaming

Chapter 5: BNR flowsheets

5.1 Nitrogen Removal

5.1.1 Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE)

5.1.2 Bardenpho

5.2 Phosphorus Removal

5.2.1 Phoredox

5.3 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal

5.3.1 Modified Bardenpho

5.3.2 Johannesburg (JHB)

5.3.3 University of Cape Town (UCT)

5.3.4 Modified UCT (MUCT)

5.3.5 Westbank

5.3.6 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)

Chapter 6: Reactors

6.1 Mixing

6.1.1 Mixing regime

6.1.2 Mixing intensity

6.2 Aeration

6.2.1 Oxygen transfer rate

6.2.2 Oxygen transfer efficiency

6.2.3 Carbon dioxide stripping

6.3 Compartmentalised Reactors

6.3.1 Description

6.3.2 Process characteristics

6.3.3 Operating principles

6.4 Oxidation Ditches

6.4.1 Description

6.4.2 Process characteristics

6.4.3 Hydraulics

6.4.4 Mechanical aerator characteristics

6.4.5 Operating principles

6.5 Membrane Bioreactors

6.5.1 Description

6.5.2 Process characteristics

6.5.3 Operating principles

6.6 Sequencing Batch Reactors

6.6.1 Description

6.6.2 Process characteristics

6.6.3 Operating principles

Chapter 7: Secondary clarifiers

7.1 Description

7.2 Mass Balances

7.3 Operating Diagrams

7.4 Effluent Quality

7.4.1 Factors affecting effluent SS

7.4.2 Other effects of clarifiers on effluent quality

7.5 Clarifier Stress Testing

Chapter 8: Sludge processes

8.1 Overview

8.2 Aerobic Digestion

8.2.1 Stabilisation performance

8.2.2 Operating characteristics

8.2.3 Operating examples

8.2.4 Operating principles

8.3 Sludge Dewatering

8.3.1 Mass balances

8.3.2 Belt filter press

8.3.3 Centrifuge

Chapter 9: Plant characteristics

9.1 Mass Balances.

9.2 Operational Process Capacity

9.2.1 Bottlenecks

9.2.2 Failure curves

9.3 Capacity Envelopes

9.3.1 Continuous flow process

9.3.2 SBR process

9.4 Energy Consumption

9.4.1 Water cycle

9.4.2 Plant energy balance

9.4.3 Energy models

9.4.4 Tuning

Chapter 10: Process control

10.1 The Role of Control and Automation

10.2 Disturbances

10.3 Control Priorities

10.3.1 The system

10.3.2 The importance of dynamics

10.3.3 Modelling

10.4 Feedback Control

10.4.1 Open and closed loop control

10.4.2 Low level control

10.4.3 Integral action

10.4.4 Derivative action

10.4.5 Computer realisation of the PID controller

10.4.6 When is PID control appropriate?

10.4.7 Controller tuning

10.4.8 Manual PI tuning

10.4.9 Ziegler-Nichols frequency response method

10.4.10 Autotuning

10.5 Instrumentation and Monitoring

10.5.1 Instruments

10.5.2 Estimating the oxygen uptake rate

10.6 Pumping

10.6.1 Pump characteristics

10.6.2 Relationship between flow rate and power

10.7 Essential Control Loops

10.7.1 Dissolved oxygen control

10.7.2 Ammonia-Based DO control

10.7.3 Recycle flow controls

10.7.4 Chemical precipitation

10.7.5 Anaerobic digestion process control

10.8 Minimising Operating Cost

10.8.1 Approaches

10.8.2 The human factor

10.9 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 11: Evolutionary operation

11.1 Learning

11.2 Application to Sewage Treatment Plants

11.2.1 Plant improvement strategies

11.2.2 Learning curves

11.2.3 Startup phase

11.3 Long-Term Improvement

11.3.1 Potential

11.3.2 Tuning

11.3.3 Stress testing

11.3.4 Debottlenecking

11.3.5 Costs

11.4 EVOP Procedures

11.4.1 Method

11.4.2 Trend plots

11.4.3 General principles

11.5 Faux EVOP

Appendix 1: A note on the statistics of variability

Average and Median.

Percentiles

Application

Appendix 2: Chemicals: useful properties

Appendix 3: Abbreviations

References

Index.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

CC BY-NC-ND

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed February 13, 2014).

ISBN:

9781680155624

1680155628

9781780404837

1780404832

OCLC:

869809771

Publisher Number:

https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780404837