Microbial biodegradation and bioremediation / edited by Surajit Das.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Das, Surajit, editor.

Series:

Elsevier insights.

Elsevier Insights

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Bioremediation.

Hazardous wastes--Biodegradation.

Hazardous wastes.

Biotechnology--Environmental aspects.

Biotechnology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (643 p.)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

London, [England] ; Waltham, [Massachusetts] : Elsevier, 2014.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation brings together experts in relevant fields to describe the successful application of microbes and their derivatives for bioremediation of potentially toxic and relatively novel compounds. This single-source reference encompasses all categories of pollutants and their applications in a convenient, comprehensive package. Our natural biodiversity and environment is in danger due to the release of continuously emerging potential pollutants by anthropogenic activities. Though many attempts have been made to eradicate and remediate these noxious elements, every day thousands of xenobiotics of relatively new entities emerge, thus worsening the situation. Primitive microorganisms are highly adaptable to toxic environments, and can reduce the load of toxic elements by their successful transformation and remediation. Describes many novel approaches of microbial bioremediation including genetic engineering, metagenomics, microbial fuel cell technology, biosurfactants and biofilm-based bioremediation Introduces relatively new hazardous elements and their bioremediation practices including oil spills, military waste water, greenhouse gases, polythene wastes, and more Provides the most advanced techniques in the field of bioremediation, including insilico approach, microbes as pollution indicators, use of bioreactors, techniques of pollution monitoring, and more

Contents:

Front Cover

Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

Biography

List of Contributors

1 Microbial Bioremediation: A Potential Tool for Restoration of Contaminated Areas

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Pollution: A Major Global Problem

1.3 Current Remediation Practices

1.4 Characteristics of Microorganisms Suitable for Remediation

1.5 Adaptation in Extreme Environmental Conditions

1.6 Applications of Bacteria for Bioremediation

1.6.1 Removal of Heavy Metals

1.6.2 Degradation of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Recalcitrants

1.6.3 Petroleum and Diesel Biodegradation

1.6.4 Degradation of Plastic

1.7 Factors of Bioremediation

1.8 Microbial Bioremediation Strategies

1.8.1 In situ Bioremediation

1.8.2 Ex situ Bioremediation

1.8.3 Bioreactors

1.8.4 Alternative Bioremediation Technologies

1.8.5 Use of Microbial Consortia for Bioremediation

1.8.6 Improvement of the Strains by Genetic Manipulation for Enhanced Bioremediation

1.9 Pros and Cons of Using Bacteria in Bioremediation

1.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects

Acknowledgments

References

2 Heavy Metals and Hydrocarbons: Adverse Effects and Mechanism of Toxicity

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Source of Contaminants in the Environment

2.2.1 Natural Sources

2.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources

2.3 Major Groups of Pollutants

2.3.1 Heavy Metals

2.3.2 Organic Compounds

2.4 The Environmental Fate and Biogeochemical Cycle of Pollutants

2.4.1 Biogeochemical Cycle of Heavy Metals

2.4.2 Biogeochemical Cycles of PAHs

2.5 Effect of Pollutants on the Ecosystem

2.5.1 Aquatic Ecosystems

2.5.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems

2.6 Exposure, Metabolism, and the Fate of Environmental Pollutants in Humans

2.6.1 Routes of Exposure and Metabolism of Heavy Metals.

2.6.2 Route of Exposure, Metabolism, and Excretion of PAHs

2.7 Effects of Heavy Metals and PAHs on Human Health

2.7.1 Diseases Caused by Heavy Metals Contamination

2.7.2 Diseases Caused by PAH Contamination

2.8 Conclusion

3 Nanotoxicity: Aspects and Concerns in Biological Systems

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Perspective

3.1.2 Nanotechnology and Biological Research

3.2 Entry of Nanomaterials into Living Organisms

3.2.1 Unintentional Entry of Nanomaterials and Routes of Entry

3.2.2 Systematic Administration of Nanomaterials (In Vivo)

3.3 Fate of Nanoparticles Inside Living Organisms

3.3.1 Accumulation and Biodistribution

3.3.2 Clearance

3.4 Nanotoxicity, In Vivo Degradation, and Effects

3.5 Ecology, Environment, and Nanomaterials

3.6 The Microbial World and Engineered Nanomaterials

3.6.1 Effect of Nanotoxicity in the Microbial Domain

3.6.2 Nanomaterials and Microbial Drug Resistance

3.6.3 Biodegradable Nanomaterials and Microbes

3.7 Conclusion

Reference

4 Application of Molecular Techniques for the Assessment of Microbial Communities in Contaminated Sites

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Microbial Community Profiling

4.2.1 Clone Libraries and Sequencing

4.2.2 Genetic Fingerprinting Techniques

4.2.2.1 Denaturing- and Temperature-Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE/TGGE)

4.2.2.2 Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis

4.2.2.3 Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

4.2.2.4 Length Heterogeneity Polymerase Chain Reaction

4.2.2.5 Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis

4.3 Functional Analysis of Microbial Communities

4.3.1 Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction

4.3.2 Microarray Technologies

4.3.3 Stable Isotope Probing

4.4 Determination of In Situ Abundance of Microorganisms

4.4.1 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization.

4.5 Application of "-omics" Technologies

4.5.1 Metagenomics

4.5.2 Metatranscriptomics

4.5.3 Metaproteomics

4.6 Conclusion

5 Microbial Indicators for Monitoring Pollution and Bioremediation

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Choosing a Whole Cell Bioreporter

5.2.1 Bacterial Luciferase (lux)

5.2.1.1 luxAB

5.2.1.2 luxCDABE

5.2.1.3 Eukaryotic Optimized luxCDABE

5.2.2 Firefly Luciferase (luc)

5.2.3 Green Fluorescent Protein

5.2.4 lacZ

5.3 Applying the Bioreporter as a Pollution Monitoring and Bioremediation Tool

5.3.1 Keeping the Bioreporters Alive and Healthy

5.3.2 Integrating Bioreporter Organisms with Biosensor Devices

5.4 Examples of In Situ Field Applications

5.5 Field Release of Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 for Monitoring PAH Bioremediation in Subsurface Soils

6 Mercury Pollution and Bioremediation-A Case Study on Biosorption by a Mercury-Resistant Marine Bacterium

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The Mercury Cycle in the Environment

6.3 Health Effects Associated with Mercury Contamination

6.4 Mercury-Resistant Bacteria and Mechanisms of Resistance

6.4.1 Mer Operon-Mediated Mercury Resistance

6.4.2 Regulation of mer Operon

6.4.3 Genetic Diversity of mer Genes Within an Operon

6.4.4 Tolerance to Mercury by Biosorption

6.5 Mercury-Resistant Bacteria in Bioremediation

6.6 Bioaccumulating Mercury-Resistant Marine Bacteria as Potential Candidates for Bioremediation of Mercury: Case Study

6.6.1 Background Knowledge

6.6.2 Experimental Procedures

6.6.2.1 Sampling, Isolation, and Selection of Bacteria

6.6.2.2 Molecular Identification of the Isolate

6.6.2.3 GenBank Submission

6.6.2.4 Amplification of merA Gene

6.6.2.5 Mercury Biosorption Study

6.6.2.6 Biofilm Development

6.6.2.7 Modification of Functional Groups.

6.6.2.8 Determination of Mercury Removal Potential

6.6.2.9 Metal Resistance Pattern

6.6.3 Results

6.6.3.1 Sampling, Screening, and Molecular Identification of Bacteria

6.6.3.2 Amplification of the merA Gene

6.6.3.3 Mercury Biosorption Study

6.6.3.4 Biofilm Development

6.6.3.5 Modification of Functional Groups

6.6.3.6 Determination of Mercury Removal Potential

6.6.3.7 Metal Tolerance by the Isolate

6.7 Discussion

6.8 Conclusion

7 Biosurfactant-Based Bioremediation of Toxic Metals

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Microbial Surface-Active Compounds: Biosurfactants

7.2.1 Chemistry and Types

7.2.1.1 Glycolipids

7.2.1.2 Lipopeptides

7.2.1.3 Fatty Acids, Phospholipids, and Neutral Lipids

7.2.1.4 Polymeric Biosurfactants

7.2.1.5 Particulate Biosurfactants

7.2.2 Microorganisms Producing Biosurfactants

7.3 Biosurfactant-Based Toxic Metal Remediation

7.4 Genetic Basis of Biosurfactant Production

7.4.1 Surfactin Production

7.4.2 Lichenysin Biosurfactant

7.4.3 Iturin Lipopeptide

7.4.4 Arthrofactin Lipopeptide

7.4.5 Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant

7.4.6 Viscosin

7.4.7 Amphisin

7.4.8 Putisolvin

7.4.9 Emulsan and Alasan

7.4.10 Serrawettin

7.4.11 Fungal Surfactants

7.5 Application in Metal Remediation

7.6 Conclusion

8 Biofilm-Mediated Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Environmental Pollutants and Bioremediation

8.2.1 Organic Compounds

8.2.1.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

8.2.1.2 Nitro-Aromatic Compounds

8.2.1.3 Organo-Chlorine Compounds

8.2.1.4 Phthalates

8.2.1.5 Azo Dyes

8.2.2 Heavy Metals

8.2.3 Bioremediation

8.3 Bioremediation of PAHs

8.3.1 Source and Distribution

8.3.2 Toxicity

8.3.3 Bacterial Metabolism of PAHs.

8.4 Bacterial Biofilms and Bioremediation

8.4.1 Biofilms

8.4.2 Biofilm Development

8.4.3 Biofilm Components

8.4.3.1 Exopolysaccharides

8.4.3.2 Extracellular Proteins

8.4.3.2.1 Enzymes

8.4.3.2.2 Structural Proteins

8.4.3.3 Extracellular DNA

8.4.3.4 Lipids and Biosurfactants

8.4.4 Physiological State of Cells in a Biofilm

8.4.5 Quorum Sensing

8.5 Application of Biofilms in Bioremediation Technology

8.5.1 Biofilms for PAH Remediation

8.5.2 Factors Influencing the Bioremediation of PAHs

8.5.2.1 Bioavailability

8.5.2.2 Temperature

8.5.2.3 pH

8.5.2.4 Oxygen

8.5.2.5 Cell-Cell Signaling

8.5.2.6 Chemotaxis

8.5.2.7 Horizontal Gene Transfer

8.5.3 Bioremediation Strategies for PAHs Degradation

8.6 Conclusion

9 Nanoremediation: A New and Emerging Technology for the Removal of Toxic Contaminant from Environment

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Different Kinds of Remediation

9.2.1 Physical Remediation

9.2.1.1 Soil Washing

9.2.1.2 Soil Vapor Extraction

9.2.1.3 Land-Farming

9.2.1.4 Soil Flushing

9.2.2 Chemical Remediation

9.2.3 Biological Remediation

9.2.3.1 Microbial Remediation

9.2.3.2 Phytoremediation

9.3 Limitations of Traditional Remediation Methods

9.4 Nanoremediation: An Alternative for Traditional Remediation Processes

9.5 Conclusion

10 Bioremediation Using Extremophiles

10.1 Bioremediation Using Extremophiles

10.2 Identifying Extremophiles for Remediation Applications

10.2.1 Extremes of Temperature

10.2.2 Extremes of pH

10.2.3 Extremes of Radiation

10.2.4 Extremes of Salinity

10.2.5 Extreme Concentration of Hydrocarbons

10.2.6 Extremes of Pressure

10.3 Enzyme Catalysis for Remediation

10.4 Whole-Cell Catalysis for Remediation Under Extreme Conditions.

10.4.1 Temperature, Pressure, and Whole-Cell Bioremediation.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

0-12-810115-6

0-12-800482-7

OCLC:

884590231