The human microbiota and chronic disease : dysbioses as a cause of human pathology / edited by Brian Henderson and Luigi Nibali.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Henderson, Brian (Professor), editor.

Nibali, Luigi, 1978- editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Human body--Microbiology.

Human body.

Chronic diseases.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (563 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley-Blackwell, 2016.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Microbiota-associated pathology can be a direct result of changes in general bacterial composition, such as might be found in periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis, and/or as the result of colonization and/or overgrowth of so called keystone species. The disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota, or dysbiosis, plays an integral role in human health and human disease. The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease: Dysbioses as a Cause of Human Pathology discusses the role of the microbiota in maintaining human health. The text introduces the reader to the biology of microbial dysbiosis and its potential role in both bacterial disease and in idiopathic chronic disease states. Divided into five sections, the text delineates the concept of the human bacterial microbiota with particular attention being paid to the microbiotae of the gut, oral cavity and skin. A key methodology for exploring the microbiota, metagenomics, is also described. The book then shows the reader the cellular, molecular and genetic complexities of the bacterial microbiota, its myriad connections with the host and how these can maintain tissue homeostasis. Chapters then consider the role of dysbioses in human disease states, dealing with two of the commonest bacterial diseases of humanity - periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis. The composition of some, if not all microbiotas can be controlled by the diet and this is also dealt with in this section. The discussion moves on to the major 'idiopathic' diseases afflicting humans, and the potential role that dysbiosis could play in their induction and chronicity. The book then concludes with the therapeutic potential of manipulating the microbiota, introducing the concepts of probiotics, prebiotics and the administration of healthy human faeces (faecal microbiota transplantation), and then hypothesizes as to the future of medical treatment viewed from a microbiota-centric position. * Provides an introduction to dysbiosis, or a disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota * Explains how microbiota-associated pathology and other chronic diseases can result from changes in general bacterial composition * Explores the relationship humans have with their microbiota, and its significance in human health and disease * Covers host genetic variants and their role in the composition of human microbial biofilms, integral to the relationship between human health and human disease Authored and edited by leaders in the field, The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease will be an invaluable resource for clinicians, pathologists, immunologists, cell and molecular biologists, biochemists, and system biologists studying cellular and molecular bases of human diseases.

Contents:

Intro

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

List of contributors

Preface

SECTION 1 An introduction to the human tissue microbiome

Chapter 1 The human microbiota: an historical perspective

1.1 Introduction: the discovery of the human microbiota: why do we care?

1.2 The importance of the indigenous microbiota in health and disease

1.2.1 The indigenous microbiota and human disease

1.2.2 The indigenous microbiota and human health

1.3 The development of technologies for characterising the indigenous microbiota

1.3.1 Light microscopy

1.3.2 Electron microscopy

1.3.3 Culture-based approaches to microbial community analysis

1.4 Culture-independent approaches to microbial community analysis

1.5 Determination of microbial community functions

1.6 Closing remarks

Take-home message

References

Chapter 2 An introduction to microbial dysbiosis

2.1 Definition of dysbiosis

2.2 The 'normal' microbiota

2.3 Main features of dysbiosis

2.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

Chapter 3 The gut microbiota: an integrated interactive system

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Who is there, how is it composed?

3.3 A system in interaction with food

3.4 A system highly impacted by the host

3.5 A system in interaction with human cells

3.6 Conclusion: an intriguing integrated interactive system deserving further study

Chapter 4 The oral microbiota

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Composition of the oral microbiome

4.2.1 Archaea

4.2.2 Fungi

4.2.3 Protozoa

4.2.4 Viruses

4.2.5 Bacteria

4.3 The oral microbiota in health

4.3.1 Evolution of the oral microbiota

4.3.2 Role of oral bacteria in health

4.4 Role of oral microbiome in disease

4.4.1 Dental caries

4.4.2 Gingivitis

4.4.3 Oral bacteria and non‐oral disease.

4.5 Future outlook

Chapter 5 The skin microbiota

5.1 Normal skin

5.2 Skin diseases

5.2.1 Atopic dermatitis

5.2.2 Psoriasis

5.2.3 Acne

5.2.4 Rosacea

5.2.5 Seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff

5.2.6 Primary immunodeficiencies

5.3 Experimental studies

5.4 Dynamics of the skin microbiome

5.5 Axillary skin microbiome transplantation

5.6 Mouse skin microbiome studies

5.7 Concluding remarks

Chapter 6 Metagenomic analysis of the human microbiome

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The human microbiome

6.3 Changes in microbiota composition during host life cycles

6.4 The human microbiome and the environment

6.5 Disease and health implications of microbiome

6.5.1 The skin microbiota

6.5.2 The airway microbiome

6.5.3 Vaginal microbiome

6.5.4 Gut microbiota and disease

6.5.5 Metabolic disorders (obesity/diabetes)

6.6 Conclusions

SECTION 2 Microbiota-microbiota and microbiota-host interactions in health and disease

Chapter 7 Systems biology of bacteria‐host interactions

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Computational analysis of host‐microbe interactions

7.2.1 Analysis of metagenomic data

7.2.2 Metabolic reconstruction through comparative genomics

7.3 Network-based modeling

7.3.1 Topological network modeling

7.3.2 Constraint-based modeling

7.3.3 Metabolic reconstructions of human metabolism

7.3.4 Constraint-based modeling of host-microbe interactions

7.4 Other computational modeling approaches

7.4.1 Ordinary differential equation (ODE) models

7.4.2 Kinetic modeling

7.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Chapter 8 Bacterial biofilm formation and immune evasion mechanisms

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Biofilms in human disease.

8.3 Biofilm formation

8.4 Immune responses to biofilms

8.4.1 Innate immune responses

8.4.2 Adaptive immune responses

8.4.3 Fibroblasts, epithelial cells and other immune responses

8.5 Biofilm immune evasion strategies

8.6 Vaccines and biofilm therapeutics

8.7 Conclusions

Take-Home Message

Chapter 9 Co-evolution of microbes and immunity and its consequences for modern-day life

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution

9.3 Evolution of the (innate and adaptive) immune system

9.3.1 Immune proteins

9.3.2 Evolution of adaptive immunity

9.3.3 Two separate adaptive immune systems evolved

9.4 Hygiene hypothesis

9.5 What drives the composition of the microbiota?

9.6 The pace of evolution

Chapter 10 How viruses and bacteria have shaped the human genome: the implications for disease

10.1 Genetic symbiosis

10.2 Mitochondria: symbiogenesis in the human

10.3 Viral symbiogenesis

10.4 HERV proteins

Chapter 11 The microbiota as an epigenetic control mechanism

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Background on epigenetics and epigenomic programming/reprograming

11.3 Epigenomics and link with energy metabolism

11.4 The microbiota as a potential epigenetic modifier

11.5 Epigenetic control of the host genes by pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms

11.6 Epigenetic control of the host genes by indigenous (probiotic) microorganisms

11.7 Concluding remarks and future directions

Chapter 12 The emerging role of propionibacteria in human health and disease

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Microbiological features of propionibacteria

12.3 Population structure of P. acnes

12.4 Propionibacteria as indigenous probiotics of the skin.

12.5 Propionibacteria as opportunistic pathogens

12.6 Host interacting traits and factors of propionibacteria

12.7 Host responses to P. acnes

12.7.1 Innate immune responses

12.7.2 Adaptive immune responses

12.7.3 Host cell tropism of P. acnes

12.8 Propionibacterium-specific bacteriophages

12.9 Concluding remarks

SECTION 3 Dysbioses and bacterial diseases: Metchnikoff's legacy

Chapter 13 The periodontal diseases: microbial diseases or diseases of the host response?

13.1 The tooth: a potential breach in the mucosal barrier

13.2 The periodontium from health to disease

13.3 Periodontitis: one of the most common human diseases

13.4 Periodontal treatment: a non‐specific biofilm disruption

13.5 Microbial etiology

13.6 The host response in periodontitis

13.7 Conclusions

Chapter 14 The polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model of periodontal disease pathogenesis

14.1 Introduction

14.2 A (very) polymicrobial etiology of periodontitis

14.3 Synergism among periodontal bacteria

14.4 Interactions between bacterial communities and epithelial cells

14.5 Manipulation of host immunity

14.6 Conclusions

Chapter 15 New paradigm in the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic diseases: effects of oral bacteria on the gut microbiota and metabolism

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Association between periodontal and systemic diseases

15.2.1 Periodontal disease and diabetes

15.2.2 Periodontal disease and atherosclerotic vascular diseases

15.2.3 Periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis

15.2.4 Periodontal disease and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease

15.2.5 Periodontal disease and pre‐term birth

15.2.6 Periodontal disease and obesity.

15.2.7 Periodontal disease and cancer

15.2.8 Periodontal disease and inflammatory bowel disease

15.3 Issues in causal mechanisms of periodontal disease for systemic disease

15.3.1 Endotoxemia (bacteremia)

15.3.2 Inflammatory mediators

15.3.3 Autoimmune response from molecular mimicry

15.4 New insights into the mechanisms linking periodontal disease and systemic disease

15.5 Effect of oral administration of P. gingivalis on metabolic change and gut microbiota

15.6 Conclusions

Chapter 16 The vaginal microbiota in health and disease

16.1 What makes a healthy microbiota

16.1.1 How does the vaginal microbiota mediate healthiness?

16.1.2 Establishment of the vaginal microbiota

16.1.3 The role of host genetic variation on vaginal health

16.1.4 Impact of age, menstrual cycle and environmental factors on vaginal health

16.2 The vaginal microbiota in disease

16.2.1 Bacterial vaginosis

16.2.2 Clinical consequences of altered vaginal microbiota (see Figure 1)

16.2.3 Vaginal microbiota and transmission and susceptibility to HIV infection

16.3 Conclusions

SECTION 4 Dysbioses and chronic diseases: is there a connection?

Chapter 17 Reactive arthritis: the hidden bacterial connection

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Reactive arthritis

17.3 Pathophysiology of ReA

17.4 Questions remain

17.5 Conclusion

Chapter 18 Rheumatoid arthritis: the bacterial connection

18.1 Preclinical rheumatoid arthritis

18.2 Predisposition to RA

18.3 MCH-HLA and genetic predisposition to RA

18.4 Molecular mimicry in RA

18.5 Innate immune system and RA

18.6 Bystander activation and pattern recognition receptors

18.7 Antibodies and neoepitopes

18.8 Superantigens

18.9 LPS.

18.10 Bacterial DNA and peptidoglycans.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781118982891

1118982894

9781118982884

1118982886

9781118982907

1118982908

OCLC:

950902016