Drying and storage of ceral grains / B.K. Bala.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bala, B. K. (Bilash Kanti), author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Grain--Drying.

Grain.

Grain--Storage.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (354 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Chichester, [England] : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017.

Summary:

Finite Element Analysis and Computational Fluid Dynamics have been introduced in modelling and simulation of drying and storage systems, these techniques are expected to dominate the future research and development of drying and storages, and should reduce losses and improve the quality of agricultural products, enhancing food security globally. Drying and Storage of Cereal Grains, Second Edition, covers the wide spectrum of drying and storage methods applied to economically important cereal produce, providingnumerical examples for better understanding the complexity in drying and storage systems through modelling and simulation, aiding design and management of drying and storage systems. Chapters 1 to 8 look at air and grain moisture equilibria, psychrometry, physical and thermal properties of cereal grains, principles of air flow, and provide detailed analyses of grain drying.Chapters 9 to 13 focus on temperature and moisture in grain storages, and provide comprehensive treatment of modern grain storage systems. The book also includes a number of unsolved problems at the end of each chapter for further practice. This revised second edition includes new sections on - * heat of sorption * finite element modeling of single kernel * CFD modeling of fluidized bed drying * exergy analysis and neural network modeling * numerical solution of two dimensional temperature and moisture changes in stored grain This book will provide students in agricultural engineering and food engineering with a wide spectrum of drying and storage studies previously unavailable in a single monograph. It will also serve as an excellent reference for practicing agricultural engineers, food engineers and food technologists.

Contents:

Intro

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

Foreword to the Second Edition

Foreword to the First Edition

Preface

Chapter 1 Principles of Drying

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Losses of Crops

1.3 Importance of Drying

1.4 Principles of Drying

Reference

Further Reading

Chapter 2 Moisture Contents and Equilibrium Moisture Content Models

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Moisture Content Representation

2.3 Determination of Moisture Content

2.3.1 Direct Methods

2.3.2 Indirect Methods

2.4 Grain Sampling

2.5 Equilibrium Moisture Content

2.6 Determination of Static Equilibrium Moisture Content

2.7 Static Equilibrium Moisture Content Models

2.8 Net Isosteric Heat of Sorption

Exercises

References

Chapter 3 Psychrometry

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Psychrometric Terms

3.2.1 Humidity Ratio

3.2.2 Relative Humidity

3.2.3 Specific Volume

3.2.4 Vapour Pressure

3.2.5 Dry Bulb Temperature

3.2.6 Dew Point Temperature

3.2.7 Wet Bulb Temperature

3.2.8 Enthalpy

3.2.9 Adiabatic Wet Bulb Temperature

3.2.10 Psychrometric Wet Bulb Temperature

3.3 Construction of Psychrometric Chart

3.4 Use of Psychrometric Chart

3.4.1 Sensible Heating and Cooling

3.4.2 Heating with Humidification

3.4.3 Cooling with Humidification

3.4.4 Cooling with Dehumidification

3.4.5 Drying

3.4.6 Mixing of Air Streams

3.4.7 Heat Addition with Air Mixing

3.4.8 Drying with Recirculation

Chapter 4 Physical and Thermal Properties of Cereal Grains

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Structure of Cereal Grains

4.3 Physical Dimensions

4.4 1000 Grain Weight

4.5 Bulk Density

4.6 Shrinkage

4.7 Friction

4.7.1 Angle of Internal Friction and Angle of Repose

4.7.2 Coefficient of Friction

4.8 Specific Heat

4.9 Thermal Conductivity.

4.9.1 Theory

4.9.2 Apparatus and Measurement

4.10 Latent Heat of Vaporization of Grain Moisture

4.10.1 Determination of Latent Heat of Vaporization of a Grain

4.11 Heat Transfer Coefficient of Grain Bed

4.11.1 Dimensional Analysis

4.11.2 Comparison of Theory and Experiment

4.11.3 Determination of Volumetric Heat Transfer Coefficient

Chapter 5 Airflow Resistance and Fans

5.1 Airflow Resistance

5.1.1 Non-linear Airflow Analysis

5.2 Fans

5.2.1 Fan Performance

5.2.2 Centrifugal Fan Laws

5.2.3 Fan Selection

5.2.4 Effect of Change in Fan Speed

5.2.5 Effect of Change in Speed and System Resistance

5.2.6 Fans in Series and Parallel

5.3 Duct Design for On-Floor Drying and Storage System

Chapter 6 Thin Layer Drying of Cereal Grains

6.1 Theory

6.2 Thin Layer Drying Equations

6.2.1 Empirical Drying Equations

6.2.2 Theoretical Drying Equations

6.2.3 Semi-Theoretical Drying Equations

6.2.4 Comparison of Thin Layer Drying Equations

6.3 Development of Thin Layer Drying Equations

6.3.1 Drying Rate

6.4 Drying Parameters

6.4.1 Drying Rate Constant and Diffusion Coefficient

6.4.2 Dynamic Equilibrium Moisture Content

6.5 Finite Element Modelling of Single Kernel

6.5.1 Finite Element Model Formulation

6.5.2 Finite Difference Solution in Time

6.5.3 Discretization of the Domain

Chapter 7 Deep-Bed and Continuous Flow Drying

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Deep-Bed Drying Models

7.2.1 Logarithmic Models

7.2.2 Partial Differential Equation Models

7.2.3 Comparison of Deep-Bed Drying Models

7.3 Development of Models for Deep-Bed Drying

7.3.1 Logarithmic Model

7.3.2 Partial Differential Equation Model

7.3.3 Method of Solution.

7.3.4 Condensation Procedure

7.3.5 Sensitivity Analysis

7.3.6 Comparison of Simulated Drying with Experimental Results

7.3.7 Comparison of Direct, Indirect and Recirculating Direct Fired Drying

7.4 Development of Models for Continuous Flow Drying

7.4.1 Crossflow Model

7.4.2 Fluidized Bed Drying Model

7.5 CFD Modelling of Fluidized Bed Drying

7.5.1 Continuity Equation

7.5.2 Momentum Conservation Equations

7.5.3 Energy Conservation Equation

7.5.4 User-Defined Scheme (UDS)

7.5.5 CFD Analysis

Chapter 8 Grain Drying Systems

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Solar Drying Systems

8.3 Batch Drying Systems

8.4 Continuous-Flow Drying Systems

8.4.1 Crossflow Dryer

8.4.2 Concurrent Flow Dryer

8.4.3 Counterflow Dryer

8.5 Safe Temperature for Drying Grain

8.6 Hydrothermal Stresses during Drying

8.7 Energy and Exergy Analysis of Drying Process

8.7.1 Drying Efficiency

8.7.2 Exergy Analysis through the Analysis of Second Law of Thermodynamics

8.8 Neural Network Modelling

8.8.1 Structure of ANN Model

8.8.2 Training of ANN Model

8.9 Selection of Dryers

Chapter 9 Principles of Storage

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Principles of Storage

9.3 Interrelations of Physical, Chemical and Biological Variables in the Deterioration of Stored Grains

9.4 Computer Simulation Modelling for Stored Grain Pest Management

Chapter 10 Temperature and Moisture Changes During Storage

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Qualitative Analysis of Moisture Changes of Stored Grains in Cylindrical Bins

10.3 Temperature Changes in Stored Grains

10.4 Temperature Prediction

10.4.1 The Differential Equation of Heat Conduction in Cylindrical Coordinate System

10.4.2 Numerical Method.

10.5 Numerical Solution of One-Dimensional Heat Flow

10.6 Numerical Solution of Two-Dimensional Heat and Moisture Flow

10.6.1 Heat Transfer Equation

10.6.2 Mass Transfer Equation

10.7 Simultaneous Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer during Storage

10.7.1 The Energy Balance Equation

10.7.2 The Mass Balance Equation

10.7.3 The Momentum Balance Equation

10.7.4 Finite Difference Formulation

10.8 CFD Modelling of Grain Storage Systems

10.8.1 Continuity Equation

10.8.2 Momentum Conservation Equations

10.8.3 Energy Conservation Equation

10.8.4 User-Defined Function

Chapter 11 Fungi, Insects and Other Organisms Associated with Stored Grain

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Fungi

11.2.1 Field Fungi

11.2.2 Intermediate Fungi

11.2.3 Storage Fungi

11.3 Insects

11.3.1 Insect Species

11.3.2 Grain Temperature and Moisture Content

11.4 Mites

11.5 Rodents

11.6 Respiration and Heating

11.7 Control Methods

Chapter 12 Design of Grain Storages

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Structural Requirements

12.2.1 Janssen Equation

12.2.2 Rankine Equation

12.2.3 Airy Equation

12.3 Construction Materials

Chapter 13 Grain Storage Systems

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Traditional Storage Systems

13.3 Modern Storage Systems

13.3.1 Bagged Storage System

13.3.2 Silo Storage System

13.3.3 Airtight Grain Storage

13.3.4 Aerated Storage System

13.3.5 Low-Temperature Storage System (Grain Chilling by Refrigeration)

13.3.6 Controlled Atmosphere Storage Systems

13.3.7 Damp Grain Storage System with Chemicals

Appendix A: Finite Difference Approximation

Appendix B: Gaussian Elimination Method

Appendix C: Finite Element Method

References.

Appendix D: Computational Fluid Dynamics

Index

EULA.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781119124597

111912459X

9781523110636

1523110635

9781119124207

1119124204

OCLC:

962305378