The cognitive sciences : an interdisciplinary approach / Carolyn P. Sobel.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Sobel, Carolyn Panzer, author.

Series:

Sage knowledge.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Cognitive science.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (438 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

Section edition.

Place of Publication:

Thousand Oaks : SAGE Publications, 2017.

System Details:

text file

Summary:

This engagingly written introduction to the cognitive sciences examines the historical and contemporary issues and research findings of the core cognitive science disciplines, including cognitive psychology, neuroscience, language, philosophy, and artificial intelligence. For each of the core disciplines of cognitive science, the historical development and classic research studies are presented in one chapter and current research development and issues follow in a second chapter. The student is given insight into the way each discipline has contributed to the growth of cognitive science and what directions research is taking in the future. This text assumes no background on the part of the reader.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Early Approaches to the Study of Human Cognition 1

Accounting for Differences 3

Localization of Function: Early Approaches 3

Localization of Function: More Recent Approaches 7

The Emergence of Modern Psychology 9

Measuring Differences 12

Sensory Discrimination 12

Approaches to the Study of Intelligence 14

Sternberg's Approach 14

Gardner's Approach 17

The End of the Beginning 23

Chapter 2 The Approach of Cognitive Science 27

Concepts and Categories 29

Sorts of Sorting 32

Experimental Evidence for Categories 38

Category Loss 42

Mental Representation 44

The Representation of Concepts 44

The Representation of Propositions 45

Experimental Evidence for Propositional Representation 47

Propositional Networks 48

Experimental Evidence for Propositional Networks 51

The Notion of Scripts 52

Menial Imagery 54

Experimental Evidence for Mental Imagery 56

Problem Solving 60

Research in Problem Solving 61

Memory 65

Systems of Memory Storage 67

The Modal Model: A Multistore Approach 68

Tulving's Model 75

Constructive Memory 77

Chapter 3 Exploring the Brain 81

The Brain Itself 83

Neurons and the Brain They Call Home 83

Brain Research in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries 89

Hughlings-Jackson, Fritsch and Hitzig and Ferrier 89

Franz and Lashley 92

The Living Human Brain: The Neurosurgeons 96

Early Research: Bartholow and Cashing 96

Mid-20th-Century Research: Penfield and Hebb 98

The 1960s and Beyond: Hubel, Wiesel, and Sperry 104

Chapter 4 Modern Technology and Research 113

Brain Mapping: Structure Versus Function 115

Brain Mapping Techniques: Structural 117

X-Ray Techniques 117

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 120

Brain Mapping Techniques: Functional 122

Electrophysiological Techniques 122

Blood-Flow Techniques 126

Brain Mapping Research 130

Language 131

Memory 137

Concepts and Categories 148

Disorders 153

Chapter 5 Setting the Stage for Artificial Intelligence 165

The Beginnings 168

Setting the Stage 168

Historical Background: 19th Century 171

The Jacquard Loom 171

Charles Babbage: His Difference and Analytical Engines 172

Historical Background: 20th Century 178

Alan Turing 178

John von Neumann 182

Chapter 6 The Machine Performs 187

Man versus Machine 187

Intelligent Machines: Early Programs 189

Logic and the Logic Theorist 189

The General Problem Solver 191

Expert Systems 193

MYCIN 195

Chess: Deep Blue Shorn Its Mettle 196

The Soar Project 200

The Language Challenge: Natural Language Processing 201

Machine Translation 201

Natural Language Processing 204

Semantic Information Processing: SHRDLU 207

Knowledge Representation: The Notion of Frames 210

Script Applier Mechanism (SAM) 212

Machine Learning: Connectionism and the Neural Network 215

Neural Networks 215

Early Developments in Neural Net Research 219

Perceptrons 220

Watson 223

Robotics 226

Automatic Speech Recognition 228

Speech Synthesis 229

Robot Vision 231

Artificial life: Animals 235

Microrobots 238

Project Cog 242

Project Domo 244

Projects Kismet, Nexi, Repliee 247

Some Answers; More Questions 250

Chapter 7 What Linguistics Is About 253

The Uniqueness of Human Language 255

Characteristics of Human language 257

The Rules of Language 260

Grammar 261

Approaches in the Field of Linguistics 265

Early Approaches: Panini and Grimm 265

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf 266

Ferdinand de Saussure 268

Behaviorism: John B. Watson and B. R Skinner 269

The Return of the Cognitive: Contemporary linguistics 270

Noam Chomsky 270

The Relevance of the Rules to Cognitive Science 275

Chapter 8 The Role of Linguistics in Cognitive Science 281

Language Acquisition 282

First-Language Acquisition 282

Stages in First-Language Acquisition 287

The Social Aspect of First-Language Acquisition 288

Second-Language Acquisition 289

Bilingualism 291

Language Deprivation 294

Language Acquisition in Abused or Feral Children 295

Language Acquisition in the Deaf and Hearing Impaired 297

Language Loss (Language Attrition) 299

Causes of Languages Loss 299

Aphasia 300

The Role of Computational Linguistics 305

Computational Modeling of Language 307

Language and Thought 310

Chapter 9 Evolutionary Psychology 317

Evolutionary Theory 318

Human Evolution 322

Evolution of the Human Mind 324

Intelligence from an EP Perspective 326

Localization of Function from an EP Perspective: Modularity 331

Categorization from an EP perspective 333

Memory from an EP Perspective 335

Language from an EP Perspective 337

Chapter 10 Philosophical Issues in Cognitive Science 341

Philosophy's Role in Cognitive Science 341

Philosophy and Cognitive Psychology 344

Epistemology: How We Know What We Know 344

Determinism and Free Will 347

The Mind-Body Problem 349

Chapter 11 Who Are We? 353

Philosophy and Neuroscience 353

The Mind-Body Problem Revisited 353

Split-Brain Research Revisited 354

Memory Revisited 356

Free Will Revisited 361

Philosophy and Linguistics 364

The Meaning of Words and the Framing of Concepts 365

The Truth Value of Sentences 366

Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence 368

Intelligence 369

Philosophy and Consciousness 371

The Easy Problem-and the Hard One 372

Consciousness as an Emergent Property 375

How Might a Machine Become Conscious? 376

Embodied Cognition 378

A Note for the Future 382

Conclusion: Coming Full Circle 383.

Notes:

Part of the SAGE Knowledge collection.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on MARC record for print version.

Other Format:

Print version :

ISBN:

9781544308562

OCLC:

1027203246

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.