Cathodic protection : industrial solutions for protecting against corrosion / Volkan Cicek.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Cicek, Volkan.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Cathodic protection.

Corrosion and anti-corrosives.

Physical Description:

1 online resource.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley and Sons, Inc., c2013.

Summary:

The most up-to-date, comprehensive volume on cathodic protection available The causes and results of corrosion in industrial settings are some of the most important and difficult problems that engineers and scientists face on a daily basis. Coming up with solutions, or not, is often the difference between success and failure, and can have severe economic and environmental consequences. This timely volume covers the state of the art in corrosion chemistry today, for use in industrial applications or as a textbook. Cathodic Protection: * Covers the theoretical aspects of cathodic protection and the science of the process * Provides practical, workable solutions to the everyday problems that engineers working in the field have with corrosion * Is applicable in many different industries, literally anywhere there might be corrosion As a companion to his first book, Corrosion Chemistry, published by Wiley-Scrivener in 2012, Cathodic Protection covers both the theoretical aspects of cathodic protection and the practical applications of the technology. Of use to engineers and scientists across a variety of disciplines and industries, this is the most up-to-date and timely treatment of cathodic protection on the market. Both books together offer the engineer, scientist, or student the most useful guide to corrosion and cathodic protection ever written. Efficient and to the point, these guides are rich in valuable information for the engineer working in the field, the scientist researching this area, or the student hopeful of obtaining a degree in mechanical, petroleum, electrical, process, or chemical engineering. As a reference for the engineer in the field, Cathodic Protection is both a refresher for the veteran on the chemistry of cathodic protection and its uses over a variety of industries. It is the most up-to-date, comprehensive treatment of cathodic protection available, covering the most cutting-edge new processes and theories. For the freshman engineer just entering the field, it is a tremendous introduction to this science. As a textbook, it can be used for a single-semester technical course in undergraduate or postgraduate education for disciplines such as chemistry, chemical engineering, petroleum engineering, civil engineering, material engineering, mechanical engineering, metallurgical engineering, mining engineering, agricultural engineering, and other related technical fields.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Acknowledgements

Preface

1 Corrosion of Materials

1.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials

1.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers

1.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals

1.3.1 Iron, Steel and Stainless Steels

1.3.2 Aluminum and Its Alloys

1.3.3 Magnesium and Its Alloys

1.3.4 Copper and Its Alloys

1.3.5 Nickel and Its Alloys

1.3.6 Titanium and Its Alloys

1.3.7 Lead and Its Alloys

1.3.8 Corrosion of Composite Alloys (Tin Can Example)

2 Factors Influencing Corrosion

2.1 Nature of the Metal

2.1.1 Position in Galvanic Series

2.1.2 Relative Areas of the Anode and Cathode

2.1.3 Purity of Metal

2.1.4 Physical State of the Metal

2.1.5 Passivity or Passivation

2.1.6 Nature of the Corrosion Product

2.1.7 Nature of the Oxide Film

2.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment

2.2.1 Effect of Temperature

2.2.2 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration and Formation of Oxygen Concentration Cells

2.2.3 Nature of the Electrolyte

2.2.4 Presence of Corrosive Ions

2.2.5 Flow Rate

2.2.6 Humidity

2.2.7 Effect of pH

2.2.8 Presence of Impurities in the Atmosphere

3 Corrosion Mechanisms

3.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion

3.1.1 Oxidation Corrosion

3.1.2 Corrosion by Other Gases

3.1.3 Liquid Metal Corrosion

3.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion

3.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion

4 Corrosion Types

4.1 Uniform Corrosion

4.1.1 Atmospheric Corrosion

4.1.2 Corrosion in Water

4.1.3 Underground or Soil Corrosion

4.1.4 High Temperature Corrosion

4.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion

4.2.1 Galvanic Corrosion

4.2.2 Crevice Corrosion

4.2.3 Pitting Corrosion

4.2.4 Selective Leaching or Selective Corrosion

4.2.5 Filiform Corrosion.

4.2.6 Erosion Corrosion

4.2.7 Cavitation Corrosion

4.2.8 Abrasion Corrosion

4.2.9 Stress Corrosion

4.2.10 Intergranular Corrosion

4.2.11 Caustic Embrittlement

4.2.12 Hydrogen Embrittlement

4.2.13 Corrosion Fatigue

4.2.14 Fretting Corrosion

4.2.15 Stray-current and Interference Corrosion

4.2.16 Waterline Corrosion

4.2.17 Microbial or Biocorrosion

5 Thermodynamics of Corrosion

5.1 Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG)

5.2 Passivity

5.3 Pourbaix Diagrams

5.3.1 Immunity Region

5.3.2 Corrosion Regions

5.3.3 Passivity Region

5.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions

5.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells

5.6 Polarization

5.6.1 Activation Polarization

5.6.2 Concentration Polarization

5.6.3 Ohmic Polarization

5.7 Polarization Curves

6 Corrosion Prevention and Protection

6.1 Proper Design

6.2 Choice of Material

6.2.1 Purity of the Chemicals in the Environment

6.2.2 Electrolyte Concentrations

6.2.3 Nature of the Electrolyte

6.2.4 Effect of Corrosion Products

6.2.5 Temperature Variations

6.2.6 Presence of Oxygen

6.2.7 Oxygen Concentration Cells

6.2.8 Interference Effects

6.3 Protective Coatings

6.3.1 Protective Oxide Films and Passivation

6.3.2 Coatings with Metals, Alloys or Materials that are Conductors

6.3.3 Coating with Inorganic Materials that are Insulators

6.3.4 Coating with Organic Materials that are Insulators

6.4 Changing the Environmental Factors that Accelerate Corrosion

6.4.1 Reducing the Corrosivity of the Solution

6.4.2 Inhibitors

6.4.3 Eliminating Galvanic Action

6.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface

6.5.1 Cathodic Protection

6.5.2 Anodic Protection

7 Cost of Corrosion

7.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures

7.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns.

7.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages

7.4 Contamination of the Product

7.5 Maintenance Costs

7.6 Overprotective Measures

8 Cathodic Protection

8.1 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems

8.2 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems

8.3 Cathodic Protection Current Need

8.4 Effect of Coatings on Cathodic Protection

8.5 Effect of Passivation on Cathodic Protection

8.6 Automated Cathodic Protection Systems

8.7 Cathodic Protection Criteria

8.7.1 -850 mV Criterion

8.7.2 300 mV Potential Shift Criterion

8.7.3 100 mV Polarization Shift Criterion

8.7.4 Tafel Region Starting Point

8.8 Reliability of Cathodic Protection Criteria

8.9 Interference Effects of Cathodic Protection Systems

8.9.1 Anodic Interference

8.9.2 Cathodic Interference

8.9.3 Specific Interference Cases

8.10. Criteria for Cathodic Protection Projects

8.11. Cost of Cathodic Protection

8.12. Comparison of Cathodic Protection Systems

9 Sacrificial Anode or Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems

9.1 Anodic Potentials and Anodic Polarization

9.2 Galvanic Cathodic Protection Current Need

9.3 Anodic Current Capacity and Anodic Current Efficiency

9.4 Service Life of an Anode

9.5 Minimum Number of Galvanic Anodes

9.6 Commonly Used Galvanic Anodes

9.6.1 Magnesium Anodes

9.6.2 Zinc Anodes

9.6.3 Aluminum Anodes

9.7 Performance Measurements of Galvanic Anodes

9.7.1 Chemical Composition

9.7.2 Mechanical Strength

9.7.3 Electrical Resistivity

9.7.4 Electrochemical Experiments

9.8 Galvanic Anodic Beds

9.8.1 Anodic Bed Filling Materials

9.8.2 Anodic Bed Resistance

9.9 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Projects

9.10 Maintenance of Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems

9.10.1 Low Pipeline/Terrain Potential

9.10.2 Decreases in Anodic Current Production.

10 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems

10.1 T/R Units

10.1.1 Efficiency of T/R Units

10.1.2 T/R Units with Constant Potentials

10.1.3 Installation of T/R Units

10.1.4 Technical Properties of T/R Units

10.2 Types of Anodes

10.2.1 Graphite Anodes

10.2.2 Iron-Silicon Anodes

10.2.3 Silver-Lead Anodes

10.2.4 Titanium Anodes Coated with Platinum

10.2.5 Titanium Anodes Coated with Metal Oxides

10.3 Anodic Bed Resistance

10.4 Types of Anodic Beds

10.5 Cable Cross-Sections

10.6 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Projects

10.7 Maintenance of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems

10.7.1 Periodical Measurements and Controls of the Entire System

10.7.2 Periodical Measurements and Controls of the T/R Unit

10.7.3 Commonly Encountered Problems

11 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures

11.1 Concrete's Chemical Composition

11.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete

11.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures

11.3.1 Effect of Concrete Composition

11.3.2 Effect of Oxygen

11.3.3 Effect of Humidity

11.3.4 Effect of Temperature

11.3.5 Effect of pH

11.3.6 Effect of Chlorides

11.3.7 Effect of Magnesium Ions

11.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures

11.4.1 Observational Methods

11.4.2 Weight Loss Measurements

11.4.3 Potential Diagrams

11.4.4 Polarization Curves

11.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete

11.5.1 Via Coatings

11.5.2 Via Inhibitors

11.5.3 Via Cathodic Protection

12 Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Steels

12.1 Current Needed for Cathodic Protection of Steel Structures

12.2 Cathodic Protection Criteria

12.2.1 -770 mV Potential Criterion

12.2.2 300 mV Potential Shift

12.2.3 100 mV Polarization Shift.

12.3 Determination of Protection Potential

12.4 Cathodic Protection Methods for Reinforced Concrete Steels

12.4.1 Via Iron-Silicon Anodes

12.4.2 Via Conductive Polymeric Cage Anodes

12.4.3 Via Titanium Sieve Anodes Coated with Oxides

12.4.4 Via Conducting Paints

12.5 Cathodic Protection of Pre-stressed Steel Concrete Pipes

13 Corrosion in Petroleum Industry

13.1 Hydrochloric Acid (HC1) and Chlorides

13.2 Hydrogen (H2) Gas

13.3 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Other Sulfur Compounds

13.4 Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)

13.5 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)

13.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

13.7 Dissolved Oxygen (O2) and Water (H2O)

13.8 Organic Acids

13.9 Nitrogen (N2) Compounds and Ammonia (NH3)

13.10 Phenols

13.11 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)

13.12 Caustic Soda (NaOH)

13.13 Mercury (Hg)

13.14 Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3)

13.15 Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB)

14 Corrosion in Pipeline Systems

14.1 Pipes Made of Iron and Its Alloys

14.1.1 Cast Iron Pipes

14.1.2 Ductile Cast Iron Pipes

14.1.3 Steel Pipes

14.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems

14.3 Water Pipeline Systems

14.3.1 Water Pipelines Made of Iron and Steel

14.3.2 Galvanized Water Pipelines

14.3.3 Water Pipelines Made of Copper

14.3.4 Water Pipelines Made of Brass

15 Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Systems

15.1 Measurement of Terrain's Resistivity

15.2 Potential Measurements

15.2.1 Redox Potential of the Terrain

15.2.2 Static Potential &amp

On-Off Potentials

15.2.3 Measurement of Pipeline/Terrain Potential

15.3 Determination of Coating Failures Based on Potential Measurements

15.3.1 Determination of Coating Failures Based on the Measured Pipeline /Terrain Potentials

15.3.2 Determination of Coating Failures Based on the Pearson Method

15.4 Measuring Potential along the Pipeline.

15.4.1 Long Cable Method.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9781118737880

1118737881

9781118737774

1118737776

9781118737941

1118737946

OCLC:

850162534