Dealing with the complex interrelation of intermittent supply and water losses / Bambos Charalambous, Chrysi Laspidou.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Charalambous, Bambos, author.

Laspidou, Chrysi, author.

Series:

Scientific and Technical Report Series ; Number 25

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Water-supply engineering.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (161 pages) : color illustrations, photographs, tables.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

London, England : IWA Publishing, 2017.

Summary:

The book provides a scientific approach into appraising Intermittent Water Supply (IWS) on a global scale through the analysis of available information and data based on a structured methodology for estimating the population affected by IWS worldwide both by country and by geographical regions. The root causes and the implications of IWS are dealt with in a concise manner providing a detailed account of the reasons for resistance to change towards 24x7 supply. A major contribution of the book is in providing an understanding of water losses in the context of IWS as well as the related difficulties in leakage detection and metering under such conditions. A methodology is presented for transitioning from IWS to continuous supply covering technical, social and communication issues which are considered of paramount importance for a successful transition. Relevant case studies from across the globe are included in the book to provide evidence based information and data relating to the many and diverse challenges faced daily by water utilities operating their networks under IWS.

Contents:

Cover

Copyright

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Abbreviations

Principal Authors

Contributing Authors

Acknowledgements

Further Acknowledgements

Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 10 Reasons Why IWS Should be Avoided

1.2 Definition: The Complexity of Defining and Measuring IWS

1.3 Water Use Under IWS and 24 × 7 Regime

1.4 References

Chapter 2: Global dimensions of IWS - number of people affected worldwide

2.1 Disparate Information on IWS

2.2 Proposed Methodology for Estimating IWS-Affected Population Worldwide

2.3 Results

2.4 References

Chapter 3: Root causes and implications of IWS

3.1 Root Causes

3.1.1 Water scarcity

3.1.2 Fast population growth in LAMI countries

3.1.3 Rapidly increasing demand due to urbanization

3.1.4 Alternatives are perceived as impossible

3.1.5 Lack of planning

3.1.6 Lack of awareness

3.2 Implications of IWS

3.2.1 Water contamination and health hazard

3.2.2 Water wastage

3.2.3 Systems do not operate as designed

3.2.4 Inequitable distribution within the network

3.2.5 Inconvenience and high coping costs to consumers

3.2.6 Seasonal dependence

3.2.7 Network deterioration

3.2.8 Increased difficulties in detecting and fixing leaks

3.2.9 Meter malfunctioning &amp

accelerated wear &amp

tear

3.2.10 Inefficient operations - more manpower

3.3 References

Chapter 4: Reasons for resistance to change towards 24 × 7

4.1 The Utility Point of View

4.2 The Customer Point of View

4.3 Other Stakeholders and Vested Interests

4.4 References

Chapter 5: Understanding water losses in the context of IWS

5.1 The Challenges in Having IWS

5.2 The Vicious Cycle of IWS

5.3 Myth Busters

5.4 The Challenge

5.5 The Need for a Standardised Approach

5.6 References.

Chapter 6: Transitioning from IWS to continuous 24 × 7

6.1 Approaches to Water Loss Reduction

6.2 Assessing Water Losses

6.3 Moving Away From "Business as Usual"

6.4 Developing a Water Loss Reduction Strategy

6.5 Water Supply Matrix

6.5.1 High water loss level, intermittent supply

6.5.2 Low water loss level, intermittent supply

6.5.3 High water loss level, continuous supply

6.5.4 Low water loss level, continuous supply

6.6 Preparing an "IWS To 24 × 7" Transitioning Plan

6.6.1 Introduction

6.6.1.1 Step 1: IWS problem analysis

6.6.1.2 Step 2: Initial water audit

6.6.1.3 Step 3: Water loss performance indicators

6.6.1.4 Step 4: Volumetric assessment

6.6.1.5 Step 5: Planning the transitioning from IWS to 24 × 7

6.7 References

Chapter 7: Leakage detection under IWS

7.1 Case Studies

7.1.1 Middle East 1

7.1.2 Middle East 2

7.1.3 Middle East 3

7.1.4 Asia

7.1.5 Africa

7.1.6 Conclusion

7.2 Methodology for Leakage Detection Activities

7.2.1 Important issues

7.2.2 Further considerations and recommendations

7.2.3 Trunk main leak detection

7.3 Scenarios for Leakage Detection

7.3.1 Scenario A: IWS regime of at least 4 hours and higher

7.3.2 Scenario B: IWS regime to temporarily 24 hours in an urban environment

7.3.3 Scenario C: IWS regime to temporarily 24 hours in a rural environment

Chapter 8: Metering under IWS

8.1 Domestic Water Meters

8.2 Bulk Water Meters (DMA Meters) Types

8.3 How Air in the Network Affects the Meters

8.4 Observations Under IWS Conditions

8.4.1 Domestic (household) meters

8.4.1.1 Velocity meters

8.4.1.2 Volumetric meters

8.4.1.3 Smart meters

8.4.2 Bulk meters

8.5 Repercussions of Air on Meters

8.6 Factors Affecting Accurate Flow Measurements

Chapter 9: Communication with stakeholders.

9.1 Why Stakeholder Engagement?

9.2 Basic Principles of Engagement

9.3 Stakeholders

9.3.1 Stakeholder analysis

9.3.2 Stakeholders

9. 4 References

Chapter 10: Case studies

10.1 Brazil: Intermittent Water Supply - The Real Bill Comes Later

10.1.1 Abstract

10.1.2 Scenario

10.1.3 Emergency water supply plan

10.1.4 Water supply characteristics

10.1.5 Pressure reduction program implementation

10.1.6 Data analysis of reported and unreported leaks

10.1.7 Effects of operational rules

10.1.8 Conclusions

10.2 Cyprus: The Effects of Intermittent Supply on Water Distribution Networks

10.2.1 Abstract

10.2.2 Introduction

10.2.3 Water loss minimisation

10.2.4 The water board of lemesos case study

10.2.5 Cost of intermittent supply

10.2.6 Conclusions

10.3 Ghana: The Challenges of Transitioning to 24 × 7

10.3.1 Introduction

10.3.2 Challenges of intermittent water supply

10.3.3 Intermittent water supply and water losses

10.3.4 Transitioning from intermittent water supply to 24 × 7

10.3.5 Lessons learnt

10.3.6 Project characteristics

10.4 Italy: Action Plan to Face Water Crisis - Moving from IWS to 24 × 7

10.4.1 Introduction

10.4.2 The current situation of the water distribution network - initial audit

10.4.3 Activities carried out

10.4.4 Transitioning from IWS to 24 × 7

10.4.5 Lesson learnt

10.5 South Africa: The Dangers of Intermittent Supply as a Measure to Save Water

10.5.1 Abstract

10.5.2 Introduction

10.5.3 Intermittent water supply

10.5.4 Health issues

10.5.5 Reducing consumption through intermittent supply

10.5.6 Conclusions

10.5.7 Recommendations

10.6 Sri Lanka: Intermittent Water Supply and Water Losses

10.6.1 Introduction

10.6.2 Challenges of intermittent water supply

10.6.3 Intermittent water supply and water losses.

10.6.4 Transitioning from intermittent water supply to 24 × 7

10.6.5 Lessons learnt

10.6.6 Project characteristics

10.7 References

Index.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed October 17, 2017).

ISBN:

1-78040-707-6

OCLC:

1004624047