Species : the evolution of the idea / John S. Wilkins.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Wilkins, John S., 1955- author.

Contributor:

Edward Potts Cheyney Memorial Fund.

Series:

Species and systematics

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Species--History.

Species.

Species--Philosophy.

History.

Genre:

History.

Physical Description:

xxxviii, 389 pages ; 25 cm.

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018]

Contents:

Section I The Historical Development of "Species"

Chapter 1 The Classical Era: Science by Division p. 3

Plato's Diairesis p. 6

Aristotle: Division, and the Genus and the Species p. 9

Aristotle on Classification p. 9

The Tradition of the Topics p. 14

Aristotle's Natural History of Species p. 16

Theophrastus, and Natural Kinds p. 16

Epicureanism and the Generative Conception p. 19

The Hermetic Tradition: Species Come from Like p. 22

The Late Classical Tradition of Natural History p. 22

The Neo-Platonists: Species as a Predicable p. 23

Augustine: The Mutable in God's Design p. 27

Chapter 2 The Medieval Bridge p. 33

Boëthius: The Nature of the Species in Logic p. 33

Isidore of Seville: Metamorphoses p. 33

Universal versus Nominalism: Species Are in the Understanding p. 34

The Herbals and the Bestiaries: Meaning and Moral Species p. 36

Frederick II, the Heretic Falconer p. 37

Albertus Magnus on Beasts and Plants p. 41

St. Thomas: [Logical] Species as Individuals p. 43

Chapter 3 Species and the Birth of Modern Science p. 47

Nicholas of Cusa: Contracted Species p. 47

Marsilio Ficino: The Primum of the Genus p. 49

The Great Chain of Being p. 50

Peter Ramus and the Logic of Wholes and Parts p. 54

Noah's Ark and the Creation of the Species Rank p. 56

Fuchs and Gesner: Images, Genus, and Species p. 62

Cesalpino and Bauhin: The Beginnings of Modern Taxonomy p. 64

The Universal Language Project p. 66

Locke and Leibniz on Real and Nominal Essences p. 70

Wilkins and Ray: Propagation from Seed p. 73

Nehemiah Grew: The Essence of Species p. 77

Tournefort: Names for Sensible Differences p. 79

Linnaeus: Species as the Creator Made Them p. 80

Buffon: Degeneration, Mules, and Individuals p. 84

Adanson: Many Characters Are Needed p. 88

Jussieu: Species as Simples p. 90

Charles Bonnet and the Ideal Morphologists p. 92

Immanuel Kant and the Continuity of Species p. 96

When Did Essentialism Begin? p. 101

Essentialism and Natural Systems p. 102

The Origins of Species Fixism p. 104

Chapter 4 The Nineteenth Century, a Period of Change p. 117

Nineteenth-Century Logic p. 117

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck: Unreal Species Change p. 123

Baron Cuvier: Fixed Forms and Catastrophes p. 127

James Prichard: Species Are Real, Variations Are Environmental p. 129

Louis Agassiz: The Last Fixist and the Lonely Platonist p. 130

James Dana: A Law of Creation p. 135

Richard Gwen on the Unity of Types p. 136

Other Fixist Views p. 138

Charles Lyell: Species Are Fixed and Real p. 139

A-P de Candolle and Asa Gray: The Botanical View of Variation p. 141

Pre-Darwinian Evolutionary Views of Species p. 142

Joseph Hooker, Thomas Wollaston, and George Bentham on Logic and Division p. 145

A Summary View of the Early Nineteenth Century p. 147

Chapter 5 Darwin and the Darwinians p. 153

Darwin's Development on Species p. 153

The Notebooks p. 154

Darwin's Pre-Origin Correspondence p. 156

Darwin's Published Comments on Species before the Origin p. 159

On the Origin of Species, on Species p. 162

After the Origin p. 178

Interpretations of Darwin's Idea of Species p. 180

Moritz Wagner, Pierre Trémaux, and Geographic Speciation p. 182

Wallace and Weismann's Adaptationist Definition p. 183

Chapter 6 The Species Problem Arises p. 191

Other Darwinians: Lankester, Romanes, Huxley, Poulton, Karl Jordan p. 191

Non-Darwinian Ideas after Darwin p. 197

Lotsy and the Evolution of Species by Hybridization p. 200

Göte Turesson on Ecospecies and Agamospecies p. 202

German Thinkers: Isolation Is the Key p. 204

The Mendelians: Morgan and Sturtevant p. 205

Chapter 7 The Synthesis and Species p. 209

Ronald Fisher and Wild-Type Species p. 209

Theodosius Dobzhansky's Definition p. 211

After Dobzhansky, the Beginnings of the Modern Debate p. 214

Ernst Mayr and the Biospecies Concept p. 216

Section II Modern Debates

Chapter 8 Reproductive Isolation Concepts p. 229

Recognition Concepts p. 231

Genetic Concepts p. 231

Evolutionary Species Concepts p. 234

Lineages p. 236

Chapter 9 Phylogenetic Species Concepts p. 241

Hennigian, or Internodal, Species p. 244

Phylogenetic Taxon (Synapomorphic) Species p. 247

Autapomorphic Species p. 249

Where Is the Taxon Level, or Rank? p. 251

Chapter 10 Other Species Concepts p. 255

Ecological Species Concepts p. 255

"Aberrant" Concepts p. 257

Agamospecies p. 257

Microbial Species p. 258

Notbospecies p. 259

Compilospecies p. 259

OTUs and Phenetics (Phenospecies) p. 259

Species Deniers: Pure "Nominalism," or Eliminativism p. 260

Conventionalism: The Taxonomic Species Concept p. 261

Replacementism: LITUs (Least Inclusive Taxonomic Units) p. 262

Species Concepts in Paleontology (Paleospecies) p. 263

Chronospecies (Successional Species) p. 264

Chapter 11 Historical Summary and Conclusions p. 269

Section III Philosophical Discussions of the Species Concept

Chapter 12 Philosophy and Species: Introduction p. 277

Literature on the Philosophy of Species p. 277

The Three Species Problems p. 278

The Grouping Problem p. 278

The Ranking Problem p. 279

The Commensurability Problem p. 279

Monism versus Pluralism p. 280

Chapter 13 The Development of the Philosophy of Species p. 283

The Philosophical Background p. 285

Individual, Cohesive, or Concrete p. 288

Clouds, Clades, and Grades: Natural Kinds or Natural Groups? p. 289

Taxa and Kind Terms p. 290

Natural Boundaries p. 293

Classes in Biology p. 294

Indiscernibles p. 295

The "New" Essentialisms p. 301

Origin Essentialism p. 301

Intrinsic Biological Essentialism p. 302

Homeostatic Property Cluster Kinds p. 303

Philosophically Speaking, How Many Species Concepts Are There? p. 305

Names and Nomenclature p. 309

Family Resemblance p. 312

Wittgenstein and Resemblance p. 312

A As a Taxon Concept p. 313

B As a Classification of Organisms p. 313

C As a Measure of Conspecificity p. 313

Do Family Resemblance Predicates Work for Biological Species? p. 314

The Qua Problem p. 315

Asexual Microbial Species p. 317

What Are We Talking About? p. 318

The Problem of Cohesion p. 319

The Phylotype p. 321

Branching Random Walks p. 321

The Recombination Model p. 323

The Phylo-Phenetic Species Concept (Polyphasic Species Concept) p. 324

The Quasispecies Model p. 326

Species Definitions as Sociological Markers p. 331

Chapter 14 Species Realism p. 341

Phenomenal Objects p. 343

Theory-Dependence and Derivation p. 344

What Are Species? p. 347

Pattern Recognition and Abduction p. 351

What Kind of Phenomena Are Species? p. 354

Are Species Forms of Life? p. 355.

Notes:

Revised edition of: Species : a history of the idea. Berkeley : University of California Press, c2009.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Edward Potts Cheyney Memorial Fund.

ISBN:

9781138055742

1138055743

OCLC:

1013527051

Publisher Number:

99975775938