The safety critical systems handbook : a straightforward guide to functional safety: IEC 61508 (2010 edition), IEC 61511 (2016 edition) & related guidance, including machinery and other industrial sectors / Dr. David J. Smith, Kenneth G. L. Simpson.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Smith, David J., author.

Simpson, Kenneth G. L., author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Process control--Standards--European Union countries--Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Process control.

Industrial safety--Standards--European Union countries--Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Industrial safety.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (332 pages)

Edition:

Fourth edition.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, [Netherlands] : Butterworth-Heinemann, 2016.

System Details:

text file

Summary:

The Safety Critical Systems Handbook: A Straightforward Guide to Functional Safety: IEC 61508 (2010 Edition), IEC 61511 (2016 Edition) & Related Guidance, Fourth Edition, presents the latest on the electrical, electronic, and programmable electronic systems that provide safety functions that guard workers and the public against injury or death, and the environment against pollution. The international functional safety standard IEC 61508 was revised in 2010, and authors David Smith and Kenneth Simpson provide a comprehensive guide to the revised standard, as well as the revised IEC 61511 (2016). The book enables engineers to determine if a proposed or existing piece of equipment meets the safety integrity levels (SIL) required by the various standards and guidance, and also describes the requirements for the new alternative route (route 2H), introduced in 2010. A number of other areas have been updated by Smith and Simpson in this new edition, including the estimation of common cause failure, calculation of PFDs and failure rates for redundant configurations, societal risk, and additional second tier guidance documents. As functional safety is applicable to many industries, this book will have a wide readership beyond the chemical and process sector, including oil and gas, machinery, power generation, nuclear, aircraft, and automotive industries, plus project, instrumentation, design, and control engineers. Provides the only comprehensive guide to IEC 61508, updated to cover the 2010 amendments, that will ensure engineers are compliant with the latest process safety systems design and operation standards Addresses the 2016 updates to IEC 61511 to helps readers understand the processes required to apply safety critical systems standards and guidance Presents a real-world approach that helps users interpret new standards, with case studies and best practice design examples throughout

Contents:

Front Cover

The Safety Critical Systems Handbook

Copyright

Contents

The relationship of the documents to IEC 61508

A Quick Overview

The 2010 Version of IEC 61508

Architectural Constraints (Chapter 3)

Security (Chapter 2)

Safety Specifications (Chapter 3)

Digital Communications (Chapter 3)

ASICs and Integrated Circuits (Chapters 3 and 4)

Safety Manual (Chapters 3 and 4)

Synthesis of Elements (Chapter 3)

Software Properties of Techniques (Chapter 4)

Element (Appendix 8)

The 2016 Version of IEC 61511

Acknowledgments

A - The Concept of Safety Integrity

1 - The Meaning and Context of Safety Integrity Targets

1.1 Risk and the Need for Safety Targets

1.2 Quantitative and Qualitative Safety Target

1.3 The Life-Cycle Approach

Section 7.1 of Part 1

Concept and scope [Part 1-7.2 and 7.3]

Hazard and risk analysis [Part 1-7.4]

Safety requirements and allocation [Part 1-7.5 and 7.6]

Plan operations and maintenance [Part 1-7.7]

Plan installation and commissioning [Part 1-7.9]

Plan the validation [Part 1d7.8]

The safety requirements specification [Part 1-7.10]

Design and build the system [Part 1-7.11 and 7.12]

Install and commission [Part 1-7.13]

Validate that the safety-systems meet the requirements [Part 1-7.14]

Operate, maintain, and repair [Part 1-7.15]

Control modifications [Part 1-7.16]

Disposal [Part 1-7.17]

Verification [Part 1-7.18]

Functional safety assessments [Part 1-8]

1.4 Steps in the Assessment Process

Step 1. Establish Functional Safety Capability (i.e., Management)

Step 2. Establish a Risk Target

Step 3. Identify the Safety Related Function(s)

Step 4. Establish SILs for the Safety-Related Elements

Step 5. Quantitative Assessment of the Safety-Related System.

Step 6. Qualitative Assessment Against the Target SILs

Step 7. Establish ALARP

1.5 Costs

1.5.1 Costs of Applying the Standard

1.5.2 Savings from Implementing the Standard

1.5.3 Penalty Costs from Not Implementing the Standard

1.6 The Seven Parts of IEC 61508

1.7 HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study)

1.7.1 Objectives of a HAZOP

1.7.2 HAZOP Study Team

1.7.3 Typical Information Used in the HAZOP

1.7.4 Typical HAZOP Worksheet Headings

Design Intent

Nodes

Parameter/Guidewords

Causes

Consequence

Safeguards

Action Required

1.7.5 Risk Ranking

1.7.6 Quantifying Risk

2 - Meeting IEC 61508 Part 1

2.1 Establishing Integrity Targets

2.1.1 The Quantitative Approach

(a) Maximum Tolerable Risk

(b) Maximum tolerable failure rate

Example

On site

Off site

(c) Safety integrity levels (SILs)

Simple example (low demand)

Simple example (high demand)

More complex example

(d) Exercises

2.1.2 Layer of Protection Analysis

2.1.3 The Risk Graph Approach

2.1.4 Safety Functions

2.1.5 "Not Safety-Related"

2.1.6 SIL 4

2.1.7 Environment and Loss of Production

2.1.8 Malevolence and Misuse

Paragraph 7.4.2.3 of Part 1 of the Standard

2.2 "As Low as Reasonably Practicable"

2.3 Functional Safety Management and Competence

2.3.1 Functional Safety Capability Assessment

2.3.2 Competency

(a) IET/BCS "Competency guidelines for safety-related systems practitioners"

(b) HSE document (2007) "Managing competence for safety-related systems"

Annex D of "Guide to the application of IEC 61511"

(d) Competency register

2.3.3 Independence of the Assessment

2.3.4 Hierarchy of Documents

2.3.5 Conformance Demonstration Template

IEC 61508 Part 1

2.4 Societal Risk

2.4.1 Assess the Number of Potential Fatalities.

2.4.2 It Is Now Necessary to Address the Maximum Tolerable Risk

2.4.3 The Propagation to Fatality

2.4.4 Scenarios with Both Societal and Individual Implications

2.5 Example Involving Both Individual and Societal Risk

2.5.1 Individual Risk Argument

2.5.2 Societal Risk Argument

2.5.3 Conclusion

3 - Meeting IEC 61508 Part 2

3.1 Organizing and Managing the Life Cycle

Sections 7.1 of the Standard: Table '1'

3.2 Requirements Involving the Specification

Section 7.2 of the Standard: Table B1 (avoidance)

(a) The safety requirements specification

(b) Separation of functions

3.3 Requirements for Design and Development

Section 7.4 of the Standard: Table B2 (avoidance)

3.3.1 Features of the Design

Sections 7.4.1-7.4.11 excluding 7.4.4 and 7.4.5

3.3.2 Architectures (i.e., SFF)

Section 7.4.4 Tables '2' and '3'

3.3.3 Random Hardware Failures

Section 7.4.5

3.4 Integration and Test (Referred to as Verification)

Section 7.5 and 7.9 of the Standard Table B3 (avoidance)

3.5 Operations and Maintenance

Section 7.6 Table B4 (avoidance)

3.6 Validation (Meaning Overall Acceptance Test and the Close Out of Actions)

Section 7.3 and 7.7: Table B5

3.7 Safety Manuals

Section 7.4.9.3-7 and App D

3.8 Modifications

Section 7.8

3.9 Acquired Subsystems

3.10 "Proven in Use" (Referred to as Route 2s in the Standard)

3.11 ASICs and CPU Chips

(a) Digital ASICs and User Programmable ICs

Section 7.4.6.7 and Annex F of the Standard

(b) Digital ICs with On-Chip Redundancy (up to SIL 3)

Annex E of the Standard

3.12 Conformance Demonstration Template

IEC 61508 Part 2

4 - Meeting IEC 61508 Part 3

4.1 Organizing and Managing the Software Engineering

4.1.1 Section 7.1 and Annex G of the Standard Table "1"

4.2 Requirements Involving the Specification.

4.2.1 Section 7.2 of the Standard: Table A1

4.3 Requirements for Design and Development

4.3.1 Features of the Design and Architecture

Section 7.4.3 of the Standard: Table A2

4.3.2 Detailed Design and Coding

Paragraphs 7.4.5, 7.4.6, Tables A4, B1, B5, B7, B9

4.3.3 Programming Language and Support Tools

Paragraph 7.4.4, Table A3

4.4 Integration and Test (Referred to as Verification)

4.4.1 Software Module Testing and Integration

Paragraphs 7.4.7, 7.4.8, Tables A5, B2, B3, B6, B8

4.4.2 Overall Integration Testing

Paragraph 7.5, Table A6

4.5 Validation (Meaning Overall Acceptance Test and Close Out of Actions)

Paragraphs 7.3, 7.7, 7.9, Table A7

4.6 Safety Manuals

(Annex D)

4.7 Modifications

Paragraph 7.6, 7.8, Table A8 and B9

4.8 Alternative Techniques and Procedures

4.9 Data-Driven Systems

4.9.1 Limited Variability Configuration, Limited Application Configurability

4.9.2 Limited Variability Configuration, Full Application Configurability

4.9.3 Limited Variability Programming, Limited Application Configurability

4.9.4 Limited Variability Programming, Full Application Configurability

4.10 Some Technical Comments

4.10.1 Static Analysis

4.10.2 Use of "Formal" Methods

4.10.3 PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) and their Languages

4.10.4 Software Reuse

4.10.5 Software Metrics

4.11 Conformance Demonstration Template

IEC 61508 Part 3

5 - Reliability Modeling Techniques

5.1 Failure Rate and Unavailability

5.2 Creating a Reliability Model

5.2.1 Block Diagram Analysis

5.2.1.1 Basic equations

Allowing for revealed and unrevealed failures

Allowing for "large" values of λT

Effect of staggered proof test

Allowing for imperfect proof tests

Partial stroke testing

5.2.2 Common Cause Failure (CCF)

(a) Categories of factors

(b) Scoring.

(c) Taking account of diagnostic coverage

(d) Subdividing the checklists according to the effect of diagnostics

(e) Establishing a model

(f) Nonlinearity

(g) Equipment type

(h) Calibration

5.2.3 Fault Tree Analysis

5.3 Taking Account of Auto Test

5.4 Human Factors

5.4.1 Addressing Human Factors

5.4.2 Human Error Rates

"HEART" method

"TESEO" method

5.4.3 A Rigorous Approach

6 - Failure Rate and Mode Data

6.1 Data Accuracy

6.2 Sources of Data

6.2.1 Electronic Failure Rates

6.2.2 Other General Data Collections

6.2.3 Some Older Sources

6.2.4 Manufacturer's Data

6.2.5 Anecdotal Data

6.3 Data Ranges and Confidence Levels

6.4 Conclusions

7 - Demonstrating and Certifying Conformance

7.1 Demonstrating Conformance

7.2 The Current Framework for Certification

7.3 Self-Certification (Including Some Independent Assessment)

7.3.1 Showing Functional Safety Capability (FSM) as Part of the Quality Management System

7.3.2 Application of IEC 61508 to Projects/Products

7.3.3 Rigor of Assessment

7.3.4 Independence

7.4 Preparing for Assessment

7.5 Summary

B - Specific Industry Sectors

8 - Second Tier Documents-Process, Oil and Gas Industries

8.1 IEC International Standard 61511: Functional Safety-Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process Industry Sector (Second Edition to be Published in 2016)

8.1.1 Organizing and Managing the Life Cycle

8.1.2 Requirements Involving the Specification

8.1.3 Requirements for Design and Development

(a) Selection of components and subsystems

(b) Architecture (i.e., safe failure fraction)

(c) Predict the random hardware failures

(d) Software (referred to as "program")

(i) Requirements

(ii) Software library modules

(iii) Software design specification

(iv) Code

(v) Programming support tools.

8.1.4 Integration and Test (Referred to as Verification).

Notes:

Includes index.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed September 1, 2016).

ISBN:

9780081008973

008100897X

OCLC:

960211531