Materials science and engineering of carbon : characterization / edited by Michio Inagaki, Feiyu Kang.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Inagaki, Michio, editor.

Kang, Feiyu, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Carbonate reservoirs.

Oil reservoir engineering.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (340 pages)

Place of Publication:

Butterworth-Heinemann : Academic Press, 2016.

Summary:

Materials Science and Engineering of Carbon: Characterization discusses 12 characterization techniques, focusing on their application to carbon materials, including X-ray diffraction, X-ray small-angle scattering, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, image analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, magnetoresistance, electrochemical performance, pore structure analysis, thermal analyses, and quantification of functional groups.Each contributor in the book has worked on carbon materials for many years, and their background and experience will provide guidance on the development and research of carbon materials and their further applications.- Focuses on characterization techniques for carbon materials- Authored by experts who are considered specialists in their respective techniques- Presents practical results on various carbon materials, including fault results, which will help readers understand the optimum conditions for the characterization of carbon materials

Contents:

Front Cover

Materials Science and Engineering of Carbon: Characterization

Copyright

Contents

Companion Web Site

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 - Introduction

1.1 CARBON MATERIALS

1.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBON MATERIALS

1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENT BOOK

REFERENCES

2 - X-ray Powder Diffraction

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF CARBON MATERIALS

2.3 PARAMETERS DETERMINED BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION

2.4 INSTRUMENTATION

2.5 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEASUREMENT

2.5.1 PREPARATION OF SAMPLE FOR X-RAY MEASUREMENTS

2.5.2 MEASUREMENT AND INTENSITY CORRECTION OF DIFFRACTION PROFILES

2.5.3 CORRECTION OF DIFFRACTION ANGLE WITH INTERNAL STANDARD

2.5.4 DETERMINATION OF FULL WIDTH AT HALF MAXIMUM INTENSITY

2.5.5 ACCURACY OF THE VALUES DETERMINED

2.6 DEGREE OF GRAPHITIZATION

2.7 KEY ISSUES FOR MEASUREMENT

2.7.1 DIFFRACTION PATTERN

2.7.2 USE OF INTERNAL STANDARD

2.7.3 USE OF THIN SAMPLE HOLDER

2.7.4 INDEXING THE DIFFRACTION LINE

2.7.5 SEPARATION INTO COMPONENT PROFILES

2.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS

3 - Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 FUNDAMENTALS

3.3 KEY ISSUES FOR THE MEASUREMENTS

3.4 APPLICATIONS FOR CARBON MATERIALS

3.4.1 POROUS CARBON FIBERS

3.4.2 GLASS-LIKE CARBONS

3.4.3 MESOCELLULAR FOAM CARBONS (SILICA-TEMPLATED CARBONS)

3.4.4 OPEN PORES FORMED BY AIR OXIDATION

3.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS

4 - Transmission Electron Microscopy

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 MODES OF TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY [3-5]

4.2.1 DIFFRACTING MODE

4.2.2 IMAGING MODES

4.3 KEY ISSUES FOR OBSERVATION

4.3.1 OBJECT THICKNESS (WEAK PHASE OBJECT) [6]

4.3.2 CONTRAST TRANSFER FUNCTION OF THE TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE [6].

4.3.2.1 Objective Lens Defects

4.3.2.1.1 Spherical Aberration Cs

4.3.2.1.2 Objective Lens Aperture

4.3.2.1.3 Ellipticity Astigmatism

4.3.2.2 Illumination Defects

4.3.2.2.1 Information Limit (Termination) [12]

4.3.2.2.2 Spatial Coherency

4.3.3 DIFFUSION CONTRASTS

4.3.4 FRESNEL FRINGES, IE, EDGE FRINGES [4]

4.5 APPLICATIONS FOR CARBON MATERIALS [1,2,5,17-19]

4.5.1 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY MODES TO STUDY CRYSTALLINITY OF CARBON MATERIALS

4.5.2 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY MODES IN THE STUDY OF CARBONIZATION AND GRAPHITIZATION

4.6 CONCLUSIONS

FURTHER READING

5 - Scanning Electron Microscopy

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 INSTRUMENTATION AND RESOLVING POWER

5.2.1 INSTRUMENTATION

5.2.2 MAGNIFICATION AND RESOLVING POWER OF THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

5.2.3 EDGE EFFECTS APPEARING IN SE MODE IMAGES

5.3 SPECIMEN PREPARATION

5.4 OBSERVATION WITH THE OUT-LENS OBJECTIVE LENS SYSTEM

5.5 OBSERVATION WITH THE SNORKEL OBJECTIVE LENS SYSTEM

5.6 OBSERVATION WITH THE IN-LENS SYSTEM

5.7 ELECTRON CHANNELING EFFECT

5.7.1 ELECTRON CHANNELING EFFECT FOR KISH GRAPHITE

5.7.2 ELECTRON CHANNELING PATTERN FOR KISH GRAPHITE AND HOPG SPECIMENS

5.7.3 MAPPING AND CRYSTAL GRAIN SIZE EVALUATION

5.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS

6 - Image Analysis

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 IMAGE ANALYSIS METHODS

6.2.1 PROCESS OF IMAGE ANALYSIS

6.2.2 ANALYSIS OF SPACE FREQUENCY

6.2.3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

6.2.4 SOFTWARE FOR THE ANALYSIS

6.3 STRUCTURE ANALYSIS THROUGH TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

6.3.1 CUP-STACKED TYPE CARBON NANOTUBES.

6.3.2 CARBON NANOTUBES LOADED WITH METAL PARTICLES

6.3.3 THIN GRAPHITE

6.3.4 DISORDERED CARBON

6.4 TEXTURE ANALYSIS THROUGH SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS

6.5 TEXTURE ANALYSIS THROUGH OPTICAL MICROGRAPHS

6.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS

7 - Raman Spectroscopy

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 FUNDAMENTALS

7.3 KEY ISSUES FOR THE MEASUREMENTS

7.3.1 LASER PROBE SAMPLING DEPTH

7.3.2 POLARIZATION OF LASER LIGHT

7.3.3 SAMPLING AREA

7.3.4 TEMPERATURE

7.3.5 ELIMINATION OF BACKGROUND INTENSITY

7.3.6 EXCITATION ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF D BAND

7.3.7 CALIBRATION OF RAMAN FREQUENCY

7.3.8 EQUIPMENT

7.4 AS A MEASURE FOR STRUCTURE CHARACTERIZATION

7.4.1 G BAND

7.4.1.1 G-FWHM

7.4.1.2 G-RF

7.4.2 D AND D′ BANDS

7.4.2.1 D-RF and D-FWHM

7.4.2.2 D′-RF and D′-FWHM

7.4.2.3 ID/IG

7.4.2.4 Second-order bands

7.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS

8 - X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 PRACTICAL SIDE OF MEASUREMENTS

8.3 STATE ANALYSIS

8.3.1 DETERMINATION OF BINDING ENERGY

8.3.2 BACKGROUND SUBTRACTION

8.3.3 PEAK SEPARATION

8.3.4 STATE ANALYSIS USING CHEMICAL SHIFT

8.4 SEMIQUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS

9 - Magnetoresistance

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 GENERAL SCHEME OF Δρ/ρ0 CHANGE WITH GRAPHITIZATION

9.3 MEASUREMENT OF MAGNETORESISTANCE

9.3.1 SPECIMEN SHAPE

9.3.2 MAGNETIC FIELD ORIENTATION SCHEMES

9.3.2.1 Planar orientation (Fig. 9.5A)

9.3.2.2 Axial orientation (Fig. 9.5B)

9.3.3 INSTRUMENTS

9.4 MAGNETORESISTANCE PARAMETERS FOR COKE

9.4.1 COKE B AND GILSONITE COKE

9.4.2 COKE PREPARED FROM HYDROGENATED ETHYLENE TAR PITCH

9.5 MAGNETORESISTANCE PARAMETERS FOR CARBON FIBERS AND EXTRUDED COKE

9.5.1 BENZENE-DERIVED VAPOR-GROWN CARBON FIBER AND EXTRUDED COKE

9.5.2 OTHER CARBON FIBERS.

9.6 MAGNETORESISTANCE PARAMETERS FOR HIGHLY CRYSTALLIZED GRAPHITE MATERIALS

9.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS

SUPPLEMENT: BACKGROUND OF THE CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBON MATERIALS WITH Δρ/ρ0

S-1 ORIGIN OF THE SIGN OF Δρ/ρ0

(a) Negative Magnetoresistance

(b) Positive Magnetoresistance

S-2 MICROTEXTURE

S-3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MICROTEXTURE AND MAGNETORESISTANCE

(a) Positive Magnetoresistance

Planar Orientation

Axial Orientation

(b) Negative Magnetoresistance

10 - Electrochemical Performance

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 FUNDAMENTALS

10.2.1 CAPACITANCE

10.2.2 CONSTRUCTION OF MEASUREMENT CELL

10.2.3 ELECTROCHEMICALLY ANALYTICAL MODE

10.2.4 DIFFERENTIAL CAPACITANCE AND INTEGRAL CAPACITANCE

10.2.5 DEFINITION OF SPECIFIC CAPACITANCE

10.3 MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE

10.3.1 MEASUREMENT CELL

10.3.2 PREPARATION OF CARBON ELECTRODE

10.3.3 AQUEOUS ACID ELECTROLYTE SYSTEM (BY THREE-ELECTRODE CELL)

10.3.4 ORGANIC ELECTROLYTE SYSTEM (BY THREE-ELECTRODE CELL)

10.3.5 ORGANIC ELECTROLYTE SYSTEM (BY TWO-ELECTRODE CELL)

10.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

11 - Gas Adsorption/Desorption Isotherm for Pore Structure Characterization

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 FUNDAMENTALS

11.3 KEY ISSUES FOR THE MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSES

11.3.1 SAMPLE AMOUNT FOR THE MEASUREMENT

11.3.2 PRETREATMENT OF SAMPLE

11.3.3 BRUNAUER-EMMETT-TELLER METHOD

11.3.4 αS PLOT

11.3.5 BARRETT-JOYNER-HALENDA METHOD

11.3.6 DUBININ-RADUSHKEVICH METHOD

11.3.7 DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY METHOD

11.4 APPLICATION TO CARBON MATERIALS

11.4.1 MICROPOROUS CARBONS

11.4.2 MESOPOROUS CARBONS

11.4.3 MEASUREMENTS USING VARIOUS GASES AS ADSORBATE

11.4.4 GRAVIMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF ADSORPTION/DESORPTION OF CO2

11.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS

12 - Thermal Analysis.

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 FUNDAMENTALS IN THERMAL ANALYSES

12.3 KEY ISSUES FOR THE MEASUREMENTS

12.4 APPLICATIONS OF TG AND DTG FOR CARBON MATERIALS

12.4.1 BIOMASSES

12.4.2 PITCHES

12.4.3 ORGANIC POLYMERS

12.4.4 MEASUREMENTS IN OXYGEN

12.5 APPLICATIONS OF DTA AND DSC FOR CARBON MATERIALS

12.5.1 PITCHES

12.5.2 ORGANIC POLYMERS

12.5.3 INTERCALATION REACTIONS

12.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS

13 - Titration Method for the Identification of Surface Functional Groups

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 BASIC CONCEPT OF TITRATION METHOD

13.3 INSTRUMENTATION

13.4 SPECIFICATION FOR THE METHODOLOGY

13.4.1 REACTION STEP

13.4.2 FILTRATION STEP

13.4.3 TITRATION STEP

13.5 ANALYSIS OF THE TITRATION RESULTS

13.6 KEY POINTS FOR THE TITRATION MEASUREMENTS

13.6.1 PREPARATION OF THE REACTION MIXTURE FOR THE REACTION STEP

13.6.2 AGITATION METHOD AND PERIOD

13.6.3 TITRATION CONDITION AND END POINT DETERMINATION

13.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS

14 - Temperature Programmed Desorption

14.1 INTRODUCTION

14.2 TPD EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS AND APPARATUS

14.3 ASSIGNMENT OF TPD PEAKS TO SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

14.4 SECONDARY REACTIONS DURING A TPD RUN

14.5 EFFECT OF AIR EXPOSURE ON TPD PATTERNS

14.6 EFFECT OF INORGANIC MATTER IN CARBONS

14.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Back Cover.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9780128054680

0128054689