In situ spectroscopic techniques at high pressure / Andreas Braeuer.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Braeuer, Andreas, author.

Series:

Supercritical fluid science and technology ; Volume 7.

Supercritical Fluid Science and Technology, 2212-0505 ; Volume 7

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Spectrum analysis.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (376 p.)

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier, 2015.

Summary:

In situ Spectroscopic Techniques at High Pressure provides a comprehensive treatment of in-situ applications of spectroscopic techniques at high pressure and their working principles, allowing the reader to develop a deep understanding of which measurements are accessible with each technique, what their limitations are, and for which application each technique is best suited.Coverage is also given to the instrumental requirements for these applications, with respect to the high pressure instrumentation and the spectroscopic components of the equipment.The pedagogical style of the book is supplemented by the inclusion of "study questions" which aim to make it useful for graduate-level courses.- Bridges the gap between supercritical fluid science/technology and in-situ spectroscopic techniques- Provides a powerful guide to applying spectroscopic techniques as gainful sensors at high pressure- Highlights the influence of a high pressure environment and high pressure equipment on spectroscopic techniques- Presents a deep understanding of which measurements are accessible with each technique, what their limitations are, and for which application each technique is best suited

Contents:

Cover

Title page

Copyright

Contents

Foreword

Preface

List of Abbreviations and Parameters

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Parameters in Latin letters

Parameters in Greek letters

Constants

Indices

Chapter 1 - High Pressure: Fellow and Opponent of Spectroscopic Techniques

1.1 - Compressible fluids in high-pressure process technology

1.2 - Spectroscopic techniques bring light into the darkness of high-pressure processes

1.3 - Why high pressure is an opponent of spectroscopic techniques?

1.4 - Why high pressure is a fellow of spectroscopic techniques?

1.5 - Advantages of spectroscopic techniques

1.5.1 - Non-invasive Measurement Principle of In Situ Spectroscopic Techniques

1.5.2 - Temporal Resolution and Sampling Rates of In Situ Spectroscopic Techniques

1.5.3 - Spatial Resolution of In Situ Spectroscopic Techniques

1.5.4 - Dimensionality of In Situ Spectroscopic Techniques

1.5.4.1 - Zero-Dimensional Spectroscopy (Point Measurements)

1.5.4.2 - One-Dimensional Spectroscopy

1.5.4.3 - Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy

1.6 - Exercises corresponding to Chapter 1

Exercise 1.1: Temporal Resolution and Sampling Rate

Tasks: Exercise 1.1

Answers: Exercise 1.1

Exercise 1.2: Spatial Resolution

Tasks: Exercise 1.2

Answers: Exercise 1.2

Exercise 1.3: Spatial Resolution

Tasks: Exercise 1.3

Answers: Exercise 1.3

1.7 - Appendix-Chapter 1

1.7.1 - Supercritical Fluids

1.7.1.1 - What is a Supercritical Fluid?

1.7.1.2 - What Makes a Supercritical Fluid Attractive for Process Engineers?

1.7.1.2.1 - Supercritical Fluids are Compressible

1.7.1.2.2 - Supercritical Fluids Feature a Low Viscosity

1.7.1.2.3 - Conductivity and Capacity of Heat of Supercritical Fluids

1.7.1.3 - What is a Supercritical Mixture?.

1.7.1.3.1 - Pressure-Composition (Px) Diagram of Binary Mixtures

1.7.1.3.2 - What is the Mixture Critical Point?

1.7.2 - Supercritical Anti-solvent (SAS) Process

References

Chapter 2 - Interaction of Matter and Electromagnetic Radiation

2.1 - Properties of electromagnetic radiation and photons

2.1.1 - Equation of a Harmonic Wave

2.1.2 - Polarisation of the Electric Field

2.1.3 - Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation

2.1.4 - Energy and Momentum of a Photon

2.1.5 - Exercises Corresponding to Section 2.1

Exercise 2.1: Wave Function I

Task: Exercise 2.1

Answer: Exercise 2.1

Exercise 2.2: Wave Function II

Task: Exercise 2.2

Answer: Exercise 2.2

Exercise 2.3: Wave Function III

Task: Exercise 2.3

Answer: Exercise 2.3

Exercise 2.4: Photons and Continuous-Wave Laser

Task: Exercise 2.4

Answer: Exercise 2.4

Exercise 2.5: Peak Power and Average Power of Pulsed Laser

Task: Exercise 2.5

Answer: Exercise 2.5

2.2 - Properties of molecules

2.2.1 - Specific Heat Capacity of a Gas

2.2.2 - Translational Energy

2.2.3 - Rotational Energy of a Diatomic Molecule

2.2.4 - Vibrational Energy of a Diatomic Molecule

2.2.5 - Electronic Energy

2.2.6 - Energy of Molecules Relevant for Spectroscopy

2.2.7 - Boltzmann's Distribution

2.2.7.1 - Comparison of Different Molecules

2.2.7.2 - Comparison for Ideal and Real Molecules

2.3 - Interaction of bulk matter and electromagnetic radiation

2.3.1 - Index of Refraction

2.3.2 - Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Radiation

2.3.3 - Diffraction of Electromagnetic Radiation

2.3.4 - Elastic Light Scattering From Drops

2.3.5 - Exercises Corresponding to Section 2.3

Exercise 2.6: Diffraction

Task 1: Exercise 2.6

Answer 1: Exercise 2.6

Task 2: Exercise 2.6

Answer 2: Exercise 2.6.

2.4 - Interaction of molecules and electromagnetic radiation

2.4.1 - Absorption and Emission Processes

2.4.1.1 - Chemiluminescence and Planck's Radiation

2.4.1.2 - Quantitative Nature of Absorption Spectroscopy

2.4.1.3 - Absorption of Infrared Radiation

2.4.1.4 - Absorption of Near Infrared (NIR)-Radiation

2.4.1.5 - Absorption of Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation

2.4.1.6 - Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

2.4.1.6.1 - Laser-Induced Fluorescence, a Quantitative Measurement Technique?

2.4.1.6.2 - Quantitative Concentration and Composition LIF

2.4.1.6.3 - Laser-Induced Fluorescence of 'Small' and 'Big' Molecules

2.4.2 - Scattering Processes

2.4.2.1 - Rayleigh and Raman Scattering Derived Classically

2.4.2.2 - Rayleigh Scattering (Elastic Light Scattering From Molecules)

2.4.2.3 - Raman Scattering (Inelastic Light Scattering From Molecules)

2.4.2.3.1 - Raman Active or Not?

2.4.2.3.2 - Raman Transitions and the Species Specificity of Raman Signals

2.4.2.3.3 - Quantitative Nature of Raman Signals

2.4.2.3.4 - Raman Signal Detection Configuration: Right Angle Versus Back Scattering

2.4.2.3.5 - How the Index of Refraction Impacts the Detected Portion of the Raman Signal

2.4.2.3.6 - Raman Signal Intensity of One Compound in a Raman Spectrum of a Mixture

2.4.2.3.7 - Quantification of the Composition of a Mixture

2.4.3 - Brief Comparison of Absorption Techniques, Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Raman Scattering

2.4.4 - Exercises Corresponding to Section 2.4

Exercise 2.7: Composition Range Detectable With an Absorption Spectrometer

Task: Exercise 2.7

Answer: Exercise 2.7

Exercise 2.8: IR or Raman Active?

Task: Exercise 2.8

Answer: Exercise 2.8

Exercise 2.9: Intensity Ratio Polarised and Depolarised Signal

Task: Exercise 2.9

Answer: Exercise 2.9.

Exercise 2.10: Gaussian, Lorentzian and Voigt Profile Peak Shapes

Task: Exercise 2.10

Answer: Exercise 2.10

Exercise 2.11: Raman Thermometry

Task 1: Exercise 2.11

Answer: Exercise 2.11

Task 2: Exercise 2.11

2.5 - Appendix-Chapter 2

2.5.1 - Translational Movement of Gas Molecules, the Mean Velocity of Gases and the Maxwell Velocity Distribution

2.5.1.1 - Mean Thermal Energy of a Gas Molecule

2.5.1.2 - 'Mean Velocity' of a Gas Molecule, With Respect to the Kinetic Energy

2.5.1.3 - Maxwell Velocity Distribution

2.5.2 - Boltzmann's Distribution

2.5.3 - Beer-Lambert Law

2.5.4 - Meaning of a Cross-Section

2.5.5 - Calibration of a Composition (Fuel/Air-Ratio) Indicating LIF Tracer

2.5.6 - Hybrid Deconvolution of Mixture Spectra (Spectral Fit Approach)

Chapter 3 - Raman Spectroscopy From an Engineering Point of View

3.1 - Three basic Raman sensor designs

3.1.1 - Signal Detection From One Point (0-D Raman Spectroscopy)

3.1.1.1 - The Very Basic Configuration

3.1.1.2 - The High Power Raman Sensor With Continuous Excitation

3.1.1.3 - The Pulsed Version With ns Temporal Resolution

3.1.2 - Detection of Line Profiles

3.1.3 - Raman Imaging (Ramanography)

3.2 - Engineering of a Raman sensor

3.2.1 - What Is the Suitable Excitation Wavelength for Linear Raman Spectroscopy

3.2.2 - Stretching the Laser Pulse in Order to Prevent Window Damage

3.2.3 - What Is the Suitable Detector

3.2.4 - Guiding the Signals to the Detector

3.2.4.1 - The Spectrometer and the Detection Glass Fibre

3.2.4.2 - Specifications of the Two Detection Lenses in the 0-D Set-Up

3.2.5 - Helpful Suggestions One Might Not Consider: Unexpected and Undesired Interferences

3.2.5.1 - 'Excitation Fibre' as Interference Source

3.2.5.2 - Diode Lasers as Interference Source.

3.2.5.3 - Traces of Impurities as Interference Source

3.2.5.4 - Window of the High-Pressure Chamber as Interference Source

3.2.5.5 - Birefringence of Windows and Its Impact on the Raman Signal Intensity Ratio R

3.3 - Purification of Raman signals from undesired interferences

3.3.1 - Background Elimination via Post-Processing

3.3.2 - Experimental Background Elimination Using SERDS

3.4 - Case studies

3.4.1 - Vapour Liquid Equilibria

3.4.2 - Gas Hydrates

3.4.3 - Reactions

3.4.4 - Mass Transfer During Sorption or Extraction Processes

3.4.5 - Fuel-Air Mixture Generation Analysis in Internal Combustion Engines Using 1-D Raman Spectroscopy

3.4.6 - Fuel/Oxygen Mixture Generation Analysis in Rocket Engines Using Raman Imaging

3.4.7 - Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis in Hydrogen Jets Injected Into Compressed Nitrogen Using Raman Imaging

3.4.8 - SAS Raman Imaging

3.5 - Appendix - Chapter 3

3.5.1 - Pulsed Excitation Lasers (Q-Switching Using a Pockels Cell)

3.5.2 - Detectors: CCD, EMCCD and ICCD

3.5.2.1 - Pixel Design: Front and Back Illumination

3.5.2.2 - Read-Out of a Full Frame CCD Chip

3.5.2.3 - Architectures Other Than the Full Frame CCD Chip

3.5.2.4 - Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

3.5.2.5 - Dynamic Range of a CCD Detector

3.5.2.6 - Detectors for Signal Amplification Before Read-Out (EMCCD and ICCD)

3.5.2.7 - Binning of Several Pixels to Superpixels

Chapter 4 - Shadowgraph and Schlieren Techniques

4.1 - How shadowgraph and schlieren techniques work

4.1.1 - Light Refraction by a Two-Dimensional Schliere

4.1.2 - Working Principle of Shadowgraph Techniques

4.1.3 - Working Principle of Schlieren Techniques

4.1.4 - Distinction Between the Shadowgraph and the Schlieren Technique

4.2 - Ballistic spray imaging: A special shadowgraph technique.

4.3 - Case studies.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed December 28, 2015).

ISBN:

0-444-63420-7

0-444-63422-3