Perchlorates : production, uses, and health effects / editor, Lawrence E. Matthews.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Matthews, Lawrence E., 1960-

Syracuse Research Corporation.

United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine.

Series:

Chemical Engineering Methods and Technology

Standardized Title:

Perchlorates. Spanish.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Perchlorates.

Perchlorates--Environmental aspects.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (371 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hauppauge, N.Y. : Nova Science Publishers, c2011.

[Atlanta, GA] : Agencia para Sustancias Tóxicas y el Registro de Enfermedades, División de la Toxicología y Medicina Ambiental, Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los EE.UU., Servicio de Salud Pública, [2008]

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Perchlorates are the salts derived from perchloric acid (HClO4). They occur both naturally and through manufacturing. They have been used as a medicine for more than 50 years to treat thyroid gland disorders and are used extensively within the pyrotechnics industry, and ammonium perchlorate is also a component of solid rocket fuel. This book presents current research data from across the globe in the study of perchlorates, their production, uses, and health effects. Some topics discussed, herein, are: trends in the study of the electrochemical stability of perchlorate ions; the structural and vibrational properties of chromyl perchlorate; perchlorate formation in electrochemical water disinfection; metal perchlorates as Lewis acids; alkaline earth metal perchlorates; and removal of perchlorate from water.

Contents:

Intro

PERCHLORATES: PRODUCTION,USES AND HEALTH EFFECTS

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1TRENDS IN THE STUDY OF THE ELECTROCHEMICALSTABILITY OF PERCHLORATE IONSAGAINST REDUCTIVE ATTACKS

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC/ELECTROCATALYTIC ASPECTSOF PERCHLORATE REDUCTION

3. REACTION MECHANISMS AND ELECTRODE IMPEDANCE

4. REDUCTION OF PERCHLORATE IONS IN THE COURSE OF ANODICDISSOLUTION AND CORROSION OF METALS

5. INTERACTION OF PERCHLORATE IONS WITH IRON GROUPMETALS IN AQUEOUS MEDIA

6. INVESTIGATION OF ANION ADSORPTION IN THE COURSE OFCOUPLED METAL DISSOLUTION AND PERCHLORATE REDUCTION

7. SOME INTERESTING RESULTS OF PRACTICAL ASPECTS

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 2LITHIUM AND MAGNESIUM PERCHLORATESOLUTIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCEON THE RATE AND EQUILIBRIUM OF SOMECYCLOADDITION REACTIONS

ABSRACT

INTRODUCTION

ACCELERATION THE DIELS-ALDER REACTION BYCOMMON LEWIS ACIDS

SALT-SOLUTION EFFECT ON THE DIELS-ALDER REACTION

REACTION (3+2)-CYCLOADDITION

REACTION (2+2)-CYCLOADDITION

CAUSE AND EFFECT

Chapter 3STRUCTURAL AND VIBRATIONAL PROPERTIESOF CHROMYL PERCHLORATE

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF CHROMYL PERCHLORATE

Structural Analysis

Vibrational Analysis

MONODENTATE COORDINATION OF THE PERCHLORATE GROUPS

C2(1) and C2(2) Structures

Perchlorate Groups

Chromyl Group

BIDENTATE COORDINATION OF THE PERCHLORATE GROUPS

C2(1) Structure

Perchlorate Group

Summary

Force Field

CONCLUSION

Chapter 4PERCHLORATE FORMATION IN ELECTROCHEMICALWATER DISINFECTION

2. OCCURRENCE OF PERCHLORATE IN ELECTROLYSIS

3. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS.

3.1. Laboratory-Scale and Semi-Technical Cells for Water Electrolysis

Chemicals

Ion analysis

3.2. Technical Cells for Brine Electrolysis

3.3. Perchlorate Analysis in Experiments Using Technical Cells

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Experiments in Laboratory-Scale and Semi-Industrial Cells

4.1.1. Polarization

4.1.2. Species generation and influence factors

4.2. By-Product Formation in Technical Cells Equipped with MO Electrodes

5. DISCUSSION OF PROBABLE MECHANISMS

5.1. General Consideration

5.1. Possible Mechanisms

Symbols and Abbreviations

Chapter 5METAL PERCHLORATES AS LEWIS ACIDS:A POWERFUL AND VERSATILE TOOLIN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS

Lithium Perchlorate

MAGNESIUM PERCHLORATE

ZINC PERCHLORATE

Chapter 6ADVANCES IN THE BIOREMEDIATIONOF PERCHLORATE

PERCHLORATE RESPIRING BACTERIA

Ubiquity and Diversity of (Per) Chlorate Reducing Bacteria

Perchlorate Reducing Isolates

Electron Donors and Acceptors Used by PRB for Growth

Nutritional Requirements for PRB

THE PERCHLORATE DEGRADATION PATHWAY

Effects of NO3- on ClO4- Removal

Effects of O2 on ClO4- Removal

BIOTREATMENT PROCESSES

BIOREDUCTION OF ION-EXCHANGE BRINE

Biotreatment of IX Brine - Bench-Scale Studies

Biotreatment of IX Brine - The Ion-Exchange Membrane Bioreactor (IEMB)

Biotreatment of IX Brine - Fluidized Bed Reactor Studies

Biotreatment of IX Brine - Direct Treatment of IX Resins

Biotreatment of IX Brine using the Autotrophic H2-based MBfR

DIRECT BIOREDUCTION OF NO3- AND ClO4-

Direct Bioreduction of NO3- and ClO4- - Bench-Scale Reactor Studies

Direct Bioreduction of NO3- and ClO4- - Pilot-Scale Reactor Studies

Direct Bioreduction of NO3- and ClO4- - Full-Scale Reactor Studies.

Soil Bioremediation Feasibility Tests

In-Situ Bioremediation Studies

Chapter 7ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGYAND MICROBIOLOGY OF (PER)CHLORATEREDUCING BACT

(Per)Chlorate as Pollutant

Ecology and Physiology of (Per) Chlorate Reducing Bacteria

Alternative Electron Acceptors of (P)CRBs

Electron Donors for (P)CRBs

Hydrocarbons as Substrates for (P)CRBs

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 8PERCHLORATE: PRODUCTION, USES AND EFFECTSON HUMANS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

PERCHLORATE AND ITS USES

Anthropogenic and Natural Perchlorate

Perchlorate Fate in the Environment

Biological Reduction of Perchlorate

Perchlorate as an Undesirable Environmental Contaminant

Perchlorate as a Health Problem

Perchlorate Detection (Qualitative and Quantitative): New Approaches toMonitoring of Its Environmental Fate

Chapter 9PERCHLORATES IN THE LABORATORYFOR ANALYTICAL/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

2. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

2.1. Solubility and Hydration

2.2. Water Activity

2.3. Hoffmeister Series

2.4. Surface Activity

2.5. Complex Formation and Precipitation

3. ORGANIC SOLVENTS

4. REDOX PROCESSES

5. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

5.1. Wet Ashing

5.2. Measurements at Trace Level

Chapter 10ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, CHEMICAL BONDING,PHOTOELECTRONIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIESOF METAL PERCHLORATES

CALCULATION METHOD

EQUATION OF STATE

Chemical Bond

Core States

Nature of Electron States and Photoelectron Properties

Nature of Electronic States and Optical Properties

Chapter 11ALKALINE EARTH METAL PERCHLORATES:ELECTROCHEMICAL PREPARATIONAND REACTION MECHANISMS

1. State-of-the-art.

2. REACTION MECHANISM FOR CHLORATEOXIDATION TO PERCHLORATE

3. Different Anodes for Perchlorate Formation

Platinum

Platinum Coated Titanium Anode (PCTA)

Lead dioxide anode

Cathode

Uses

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Cell Construction and Electrolysis

2. Analysis

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Effect of Electrolyte Concentration

2. Effect of pH

3. Effect of Temperature

4. Effect of Cathode Current Density

5. Effect of Cathode Peripheral Velocity

LITERATURE CITED

Chapter 12REMOVAL OF PERCHLORATE FROM WATER

2. PERCHLORATE REMOVAL DURING WATER ANDWASTEWATER TREATMENT

2.1. Perchlorate Removal by Adsorption

2.2. Membrane Treatment

2.3. Ionic Exchange

2.4. Perchlorate Remediation by Biological Treatment

3. SUMMARY

Chapter 13FERRIC PERCHLORATE: AN EFFICIENT CATALYSTFOR EXPEDITIOUS AND CHEMO SELECTIVECONVERSION OF ALDEHYDES TO ACYLALS

EXPERIMENTAL

Chapter 14MICROBIAL REDUCTION OF CHLORATEAND PERCHLORATE: PHYLOGENETICANALYSIS OF THE GENES ENCODINGTHE DEGRADATION PATHWAYS

USES

WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF PERCHLORATE CONTAMINATION?

1. Natural Sources

2. Anthropogenic Sources

PERCHLORATE PROPERTIES AND HEALTH EFFECTS

BIODEGRADATION OF PERCHLORATE

ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENES ENCODING CHLORATEAND PERCHLORATE DEGRADATION ACTIVITY

THE REDUCTASES: CHLORATE REDUCTASE ANDPERCHLORATE REDUCTASE

THE CHLORITE DISMUTASES

INDEX

Blank Page.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

1-61122-143-9

OCLC:

830323686