Liquid crystal displays : addressing schemes and electro-optical effects / Ernst Lueder.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Lueder, Ernst, 1932-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Liquid crystal displays.

Liquid crystals--Electric properties.

Liquid crystals.

Liquid crystals--Optical properties.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (517 pages)

Edition:

2nd ed.

Place of Publication:

Wiley 2010

Summary:

In this second edition of Liquid Crystal Displays, Ernst Lueder provides a timely update to his successful text. His unique combination of theory and practice presents all the information required for the development and manufacture of modern high performance and energy saving LCDs. The author also strives for an easy to understand description of complex facts. The second edition focuses on a variety of liquid crystal cells and their electronic addressing, and outlines new developments including: • High performance VA cells, especially for TV, due to two subpixels with excellent γ-correction also at oblique viewing • Short optical response times in the range of 1 ms also for inter-gray transitions due to novel addressing waveforms • Fringe field switching for acceleration of rise and decay of luminance eliminating frame memories • Reduction of motion blur by scanning backlights, high frequency frames, edge enhancement and motion blur modeling • Very thin LCDs with power saving LED backlights exhibiting unmatched color purity and larger than NTSC color gamut • Printed layers on hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas replacing photolithography Practicing electrical engineers, physicists, chemists and display specialists will find this a valuable resource. Researchers will appreciate the practical guidance given for the design of improved LCDs, whilst students are provided with a useful overview of the field. The Society for Information Display (SID) is an international society, which has the aim of encouraging the development of all aspects of the field of information display. Complementary to the aims of the society, the Wiley-SID series is intended to explain the latest developments in information display technology at a professional level. The broad scope of the series addresses all facets of information displays from technical aspects through systems and prototypes to standards and ergonomics

Contents:

Liquid Crystal Displays: ADDRESSING SCHEMES AND ELECTRO-OPTICAL EFFECTS

Contents

Foreword

Preface to the First Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

About the Author

1 Introduction

2 Liquid Crystal Materials and Liquid Crystal Cells

2.1 Properties of Liquid Crystals

2.1.1 Shape and phases of liquid crystals

2.1.2 Material properties of anisotropic liquid crystals

2.2 The Operation of a Twisted Nematic LCD

2.2.1 The electro-optical effects in transmissive twisted nematic LC cells

2.2.2 The addressing of LCDs by TFTs

3 Electro-optic Effects in Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystals

3.1 The Planar and Harmonic Wave of Light

3.2 Propagation of Polarized Light in Birefringent Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells

3.2.1 The propagation of light in a Fr eedericksz cell

3.2.2 The transmissive Fr eedericksz cell

3.2.3 The reflective Fr eedericksz cell

3.2.4 The Fr eedericksz cell as a phase-only modulator

3.2.5 The DAP cell or the vertically aligned cell

3.2.6 The HAN cell

3.2.7 The π cell

3.2.8 Switching dynamics of untwisted nematic LCDs

3.2.9 Fast blue phase liquid crystals

4 Electro-optic Effects in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals

4.1 The Propagation of Polarized Light in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells

4.2 The Various Types of TN Cells

4.2.1 The regular TN cell

4.2.2 The supertwisted nematic LC cell (STN-LCD)

4.2.3 The mixed mode twisted nematic cell (MTN cell)

4.2.4 Reflective TN cells

4.3 Electronically Controlled Birefringence for the Generation of Colour

5 Descriptions of Polarization

5.1 The Characterizations of Polarization

5.2 A Differential Equation for the Propagation of Polarized Light through Anisotropic Media

5.3 Special Cases for Propagation of Light

5.3.1 Incidence of linearly polarized light.

5.3.2 Incident light is circularly polarized

6 Propagation of Light with an Arbitrary Incident Angle through Anisotropic Media

6.1 Basic Equations for the Propagation of Light

6.2 Enhancement of the Performance of LC Cells

6.2.1 The degradation of picture quality

6.2.2 Optical compensation foils for the enhancement of picture quality

6.2.2.1 The enhancement of contrast

6.2.2.2 Compensation foils for LC molecules with different optical axes

6.2.3 Suppression of grey shade inversion and the preservation of grey shade stability

6.2.4 Fabrication of compensation foils

6.3 Electro-optic Effects with Wide Viewing Angle

6.3.1 Multidomain pixels

6.3.2 In-plane switching

6.3.3 Optically compensated bend cells

6.4 Multidomain VA Cells, Especially for TV

6.4.1 The torque generated by an electric field

6.4.2 The requirements for a VA display, especially for TV

6.4.2.1 The speeds of operation

6.4.2.2 Colour shift, change in contrast and image sticking

6.4.3 VA cells for TV applications

6.4.3.1 Multidomain VA cells with protrusions (MVAs)

6.4.3.2 Patterned VA cells (PVAs)

6.4.3.3 PVA cells with two subpixels (CS-S-PVAs)

6.4.3.4 Cell technologies avoiding a delayed optical response

Polymer sustained alignment (PSA)

Mountain shaped cell surface

6.4.3.5 The continuous pinwheel alignment (CPA)

6.5 Polarizers with Increased Luminous Output

6.5.1 A reflective linear polarizer

6.5.2 Areflective polarizer working with circularly polarized light

6.6 Two Non-birefringent Foils

7 Modified Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays

7.1 Polymer Dispersed LCDs (PDLCDs)

7.1.1 The operation of a PDLCD

7.1.2 Applications of PDLCDs

7.2 Guest-Host Displays

7.2.1 The operation of Guest-Host Displays

7.2.2 Reflective Guest-Host Displays

8 Bistable Liquid Crystal Displays.

8.1 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays (FLCDs)

8.2 Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays

8.3 Bistable Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays

8.3.1 Bistable twist cells

8.3.2 Grating aligned nematic devices

8.3.3 Monostable surface anchoring switching

9 Continuously Light Modulating Ferroelectric Displays

9.1 Deformed Helix Ferroelectric Devices

9.2 Antiferroelectric LCDs

10 Addressing Schemes for Liquid Crystal Displays

11 Direct Addressing

12 Passive Matrix Addressing of TN Displays

12.1 The Basic Addressing Scheme and the Law of Alt and Pleshko

12.2 Implementation of PM Addressing

12.3 Multiple Line Addressing

12.3.1 The basic equations

12.3.2 Waveforms for the row selection

12.3.3 Column voltage for MLA

12.3.4 Implementation of multi-line addressing

12.3.5 Modified PM addressing of STN cells

12.3.5.1 Decreased levels of addressing voltages

12.3.5.2 Contrast and grey shades for MLA

12.4 Two Frequency Driving of PMLCDs

13 Passive Matrix Addressing of Bistable Displays

13.1 Addressing of Ferroelectric LCDs

13.1.1 The V- tmin addressing scheme

13.1.2 The V- 1/t addressing scheme

13.1.3 Reducing crosstalk in FLCDs

13.1.4 Ionic effects during addressing

13.2 Addressing of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays

14 Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with a-Si Thin Film Transistors (a-Si-TFTs)

14.1 Properties of a-Si Thin Film Transistors

14.2 Static Operation of TFTs in an LCD

14.3 The Dynamics of Switching by TFTs

14.4 Bias-Temperature Stress Test of TFTs

14.5 Drivers for AMLCDs

14.6 The Entire Addressing System

14.7 Layouts of Pixels with TFT Switches

14.8 Fabrication Processes of a-Si TFTs

14.9 Addressing of VA Displays

14.9.1 Overshoot and undershoot driving of LCDs

14.9.2 The dynamic capacitance compensation (DCC).

14.9.3 Fringe field accelerated decay of luminance

14.9.4 The addressing of two subpixels

14.9.5 Biased vertical alignment (BVA)

14.10 Motion Blur

14.10.1 Causes, characterization and remedies of blur

14.10.2 Systems with decreased blur

14.10.2.1 Edge enhancement for reduced blur

14.10.2.2 Black insertion techniques

14.10.2.3 Scanning backlights

14.10.2.4 Higher frame rates for reducing blur

14.10.3 Modelling of blur

14.11 The Optical Response of a VA Cell

14.12 Reduction of the Optical Response Time by a Special Addressing Waveform

15 Addressing of LCDs with Poly-Si TFTs

15.1 Fabrication Steps for Top-Gate and Bottom-Gate Poly-Si TFTs

15.2 Laser Crystallization by Scanning or Large Area Anneal

15.3 Lightly Doped Drains for Poly-Si TFTs

15.4 The Kink Effect and its Suppression

15.5 Circuits with Poly-Si TFTs

16 Liquid Crystal on Silicon Displays

16.1 Fabrication of LCOS with DRAM-Type Analog Addressing

16.2 SRAM-Type Digital Addressing of LCOS

16.3 Microdisplays Using LCOS Technology

17 Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with Metal- Insulator-Metal Pixel Switches

18 Addressing of LCDs with Two-Terminal Devices and Optical, Plasma, Laser and e-beam Techniques

19 Components of LCD Cells

19.1 Additive Colours Generated by Absorptive Photosensitive Pigmented Colour Filters

19.2 Additive and Subtractive Colours Generated by Reflective Dichroic Colour Filters

19.3 Colour Generation by Three Stacked Displays

19.4 LED Backlights

19.4.1 The advantages of LEDs as backlights

19.4.2 LED technology

19.4.3 Optics for LED backlights

19.4.4 Special applications for LED backlights

19.4.4.1 Saving power and realizing scanning with LED backlights

19.4.4.2 Field sequential displays with LED backlights

19.4.4.3 Active matrix addressed LED backlights.

19.4.5 The electronic addressing of LEDs

19.5 Cell Assembly

20 Projectors with Liquid Crystal Light Valves

20.1 Single Transmissive Light Valve Systems

20.1.1 The basic single light valve system

20.1.2 The field sequential colour projector

20.1.3 A single panel scrolling projector

20.1.4 Single light valve projector with angular colour separation

20.1.5 Single light valve projectors with a colour grating

20.2 Systems with Three Light Valves

20.2.1 Projectors with three transmissive light valves

20.2.2 Projectors with three reflective light valves

20.2.3 Projectors with three LCOS Light Valves

20.3 Projectors with Two LC Light Valves

20.4 A Rear Projector with One or Three Light Valves

20.5 A Projector with Three Optically Addressed Light Valves

21 Liquid Crystal Displays with Plastic Substrates

21.1 Advantages of Plastic Substrates

21.2 Plastic Substrates and their Properties

21.3 Barrier Layers for Plastic Substrates

21.4 Thermo-Mechanical Problems with Plastics

21.5 Fabrication of TFTs and MIMs at Low Process Temperatures

21.5.1 Fabrication of a-Si:H TFTs at low temperature

21.5.2 Fabrication of low temperature poly-Si TFTs

21.5.3 Fabrication of MIMs at low temperature

21.5.4 Conductors and transparent electrodes for plastic substrates

21.6 Transfer of High Temperature Fabricated AMLCDs to a Flexible Substrate

22 Printing of Layers for LC Cells

22.1 Printing Technologies

22.1.1 Flexographic printing

22.1.2 Knife coating

22.1.3 Ink-jet printing

22.1.4 Silk screen printing

22.2 Surface Properties for Printing

22.3 Printing of Components for Displays

22.3.1 Ink-jet printed colour filters, alignment layers and phosphors for LED Backlights

22.3.2 Flexographic printing of alignment layers and of nematic liquid crystals

22.3.3 Printing of OTFTs.

22.4 Cell Building by Lamination.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

OCLC:

609858740