Chromium : environmental, medical, and materials studies / editor, Margaret P. Salden.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Salden, Margaret P.

Series:

Chemical Engineering Methods and Technology

Chemical engineering methods and technology

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Chromium.

Chromium compounds.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (400 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2011.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Chromium is regarded with great interest because of its high corrosion resistance and hardness. This book presents research data in the study of chromium, including the treatment of chromium contamination in the environment; free radical aspects of chromium toxicity; and, chromium chemical properties relevant for MEMs.

Contents:

Intro

CHROMIUM: ENVIRONMENTAL, MEDICAL AND MATERIALS STUDIES

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM CONTAMINATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CHROMIUM IS IMPORTANT

2.1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Chromium

2.2. Chromium Use

2.3. Chromium Regulations in Wastewater

3. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR CHROMIUM REMOVAL

3.1. Precipitation

3.2. Ion Exchange

3.3. Reverse Osmosis

3.4. Adsorption Method

Physisorption

Chemisorption

4. CR(VI) ADSORPTION FROM WASTEWATER BY COIR PITH

4.1. Coir Pith

4.2. Adsorption Isotherm for Cr(VI) Adsorption by Coir Pith

4.2.1. Langmuir isotherm

4.2.2. Freundlich isotherm

4.3. Mechanism of Chromium Adsorption by Coir Pith

4.3.1. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)

4.3.2. FTIR Spectroscopy

4.3.3. Electron spin resonance (ESR)

4.4.4. Desorption

5. INCREASING CR(VI) ADSORPTION BY COIR PITH GRAFTED WITH CHEMICAL REAGENTS

6. APPLICATION OF COLUMN STUDY FOR CHROMIUM REMOVAL FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

6.1. Effect of Flow Rate on the Breakthrough Curves

6.2. Bed Depth Service time (BDST) Model

6.3. Application of the Thomas Model

6.4. Desorption and Column Regeneration

7. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 2 CHROMIUM TOXICITY: FREE RADICAL ASPECTS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

1. CHROMIUM AS A CHEMICAL ELEMENT AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES

1.1. Chromium Characteristics

1.2. Natural Sources of Chromium

1.3. Anthropogenic Sources of Chromium

2. CHROMIUM ABSORPTION AND RELEASE BY LIVING ORGANISMS

3. CHROMIUM-INDUCED GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES

3.1. Free Radicals, Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress

3.2. Involvement of Chromium in Production of Reactive Oxygen Species.

4. CHROMIUM-MEDIATED ROS-INDUCED MODIFICATION OF CELLULAR MACROMOLECULES

4.1. Damage to Proteins

4.2. Damage to Lipids

4.3. DNA Breakage

5. TOXICITY OF CHROMIUM

5.1. Mutagenicity

5.2. Cytoxicity

5.3. Immunotoxicity

6. BIOLOGICAL REDUCTION OF CHROMIUM

6.1. Enzymatic Reduction of Chromium

6.2. Reduction of Chromium by Low Molecular Mass Compounds: Glutathione and Ascorbate

7. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CHROMIUM-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF ANTIOXIDANTS

7.1. Stabilization of HIF-1α

7.2. Activation of P53 Nuclear Factor

7.3. Activation of Nrf2/Keap1 System

CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

Chapter 3 CHROMIUM IN MEMS TECHNOLOGY

WHAT IS MEMS TECHNOLOGY

RELEVANT PROPERTIES OF CHROMIUM FOR MEMS TECHNOLOGY

Mechanical and Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Thin Film Deposition Techniques

Sputtering

Evaporation

Electroplating

Wet Chemical Etching of Chromium

Dry Etching of Chromium

Chromium in Lithographic Masks

Hard Masks

Adhesion Layers

Chromium Alloys

Thin Films Resistors

Other Applications

Chapter 4 THE CELLULAR RESPONSE TO CHROMIUM (VI) - INDUCED DNA DAMAGE

I. CHROMIUM EXPOSURE

II. TYPES OF CHROMIUM-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE

III. REPAIR OF CHROMIUM-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Base Excision Repair

Repair of Double-Strand Breaks and Replication-Associated Damage

Mismatch Repair

Checkpoint Control through DNA Damage Signaling

IV. THE ROLE OF THE DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE IN CR(VI)-ASSOCIATED CARCINOGENESIS

V. UNANSWERED QUESTIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

Chapter 5 CHROMIUM PICOLINATE INDUCES DNA DAMAGE, SENESCENCE AND CELL DEATH IN NORMAL COLONIC FIBROBLASTS

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cell Line.

Treatments

Chemiluminescent Quantitation of DNA Synthesis

Cell Cycle Analysis

Measurement of Oxidative Stress

Measurement of DNA Damage - Comet Assay

ERK, P38 and JNK Activities

Immunoblotting

Epigenetic Assay

Cellular Senescence Assay

Cell Death Analysis

Criteria for Determination of Type of Cell Death

Statistics

3. RESULTS

DNA Synthesis and Cell Cycle

DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress

EPIGENETIC CHANGES

MAPK Activities

Cellular Senescence and Cell Death

Effects of Pharmacological Inhibitors on Senescence,

Apoptosis and Autophagy

4. DISCUSSION

5. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Chapter 6 CHROMIUM COMPLEXES BASED CATALYSTS: THE ROLE OF THE LIGAND NATURE IN THE POLYMERIZATION OF CONJUGATED DIOLEFINS AND CYCLOOLEFINS

2. POLYMERIZATION OF 1,3-DIENES

2.1. Polydienes: Structures and Polymerization Mechanism

2.2. Ziegler-Natta Chromium Catalysts

2.3. Synthesis and Characterization of Diphosphine Chromium Complexes

2.4. Diphosphine Chromium Complexes Based Catalysts

2.5. Polymerization of Substituted Butadienes

2.6. Mechanistic Considerations

2.7. Butadiene-Isoprene Copolymerization

3. POLYMERIZATION OF NORBORNENE

3.1. Polynorbornenes: Modes of Polymerization and Structures

3.2. Polymerization of Norbornene with Chromium Catalysts

4. CONCLUSION

Chapter 7 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS BASED ON CHROMIUM SITES: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS

2. CHROMIUM CATALYSTS FOR ETHYLENE POLYMERIZATION

2.1. Chromium Catalysts Supported on Amorphous Materials

Effect of Hydroxyl Population

Effect of Support Chemical Composition

Effect of Support Porosity

2.2. Chromium Catalysts Supported on Mesostructured Materials.

3. CHROMIUM CATALYSTS FOR OXIDATION REACTIONS

3.1. Heterogenous Chromium Catalysts for Cyclohexane Oxidation

3.2. Heterogenous Chromium Catalysts for the Oxidation of Other

Organic Compounds

4. CHROMIUM CATALYSTS FOR DEHYDROGENATION REACTIONS

5. FINAL REMARKS

Chapter 8 MACROPOROUS AND NON-POROUS AMINO-FUNCTIONALIZED GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE BASED COPOLYMERS FOR HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM SORPTION

2. EXPERIMENTAL

2.1. Materials

2.2. Analysis and Spectroscopy

2.3. Preparation of PGME

2.4. Functionalization of PGME with Diethylene Triamine

2.5. Chromium Sorption Batch Experiments

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Synthetic Aspects

3.2. Chromium(VI) Sorption on Amino-Functionalized PGME

3.3. Kinetic Models

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 9 TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM POLLUTED WATER THROUGH BIOSORPTION - AN ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY APPROACH

HEAVY METAL POLLUTION

CHROMIUM

COMMON METAL REMOVAL TECHNIQUES

BIOSORPTION - A SIMPLE, ECONOMICAL AND ECO-FRIENDLY APPROACH

Chapter 10 RECYCLING OF LEATHER WASTE CONTAINING CHROMIUM - A REVIEW

2. COLLAGEN STRUCTURE AND CHROMIUM TANNING

3. DIRECT APPLICATIONS OF CHROMIUM TANNED LEATHER WASTE

3.1. Direct Use in Tanning Process

3.2. Use as Absorption and Adsorbent Material

3.3. Addition to Clays for Bricks and Tiles Manufacture

4. COMPOSITES INCORPORATING CHROMIUM-TANNED LEATHER WASTE FIBERS

5. CHROMIUM-CONTAINING WASTE HYDROLYSIS AND RESULTING PRODUCTS USE

5.1. Oxidative Dechroming

5.2. Acid Hydrolysis

5.3. Alkaline Hydrolysis

5.4. Enzymatic Hydrolysis

5.5. Geleable Fraction and Hydrolysates Reuse in Leather Industry

Condensates of Collagen By-Products with Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde.

Modification of Collagen By-Products with Microbial Transglutaminase, Casein and Whey

Chemical Modification of Collagen by-Products with Acrylic Acid and Related Polymers

Miscellaneous Modifications and Mixtures

5.6. Geleable Fraction and Hydrolysates Use in Other Industrial Processes

Gelatine By-Products Applications

Collagen Hydrolysates Application in Agriculture and Animal Feed Supplement

Use In Rubber, Surfactants, Glues and Adhesives

Use in Biodegradable Plastics, Fibers and Biotechnological Applications

Building Industry

Biomethanization

5.7. Alkaline and Alkaline Enzymatic Hydrolysis Chromium Cake/Sludge Reuse

6. ENERGY RECOVERY

Chapter11COMPUTERSIMULATIONOF -CHROMIAANDITSSURFACE

Abstract

1.Introduction

2.ASimpleTransferableInteratomicPotentialModelforBinaryOxides

2.1.InteractionPotential

2.2.FittingMethodology

2.3.SimplificationoftheInteractionPotential

2.4.TransferabilityoftheModeltoMgOandCaO

3.ComputerModellingof -Cr2O3and -Fe2O3withaModifiedMatsuiPotential

3.1.PotentialandFittingProcedure

3.2.ComputerModellingof -Cr2O3and -Fe2O3

4.CalculationofNativeDefectEnergiesin -Al2O3, -Cr2O3and -Fe2O3usingaModifiedMatsuiPotential

4.1.PotentialParametersandMott-LittletonTheory

4.2.Calculationofnativedefectenergies

4.2.1.Convergencetest

4.2.2.Defectenergies

5.MolecularDynamicsSimulationofthe(0001) -Al2O3and -Cr2O3Surfaces

5.1.MolecularDynamicsSimulationDetails

5.2.ThermalExpansionCoefficients

5.3.SurfaceRelaxation

5.4.SurfaceDynamics

6.StructureandSurfaceEnergyofLow-indexSurfacesofStoichiometric -Al2O3and -Cr2O3

6.1.Hartree-FockSimulationDetails

6.2.SurfaceRelaxation

6.3.SurfaceEnergy

7.StructureandElectronicPropertiesCalculationofUltrathin -Al2O3filmson(0001) -Cr2O3Templates.

7.1.Hartree-FockSimulationDetailsforSingleCellCalculations.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-61209-048-6

OCLC:

780443162