Foreign policy of the United States Volume 4 / Ernest Simone, editor.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Simone, Ernest.

Series:

Foreign policy of the United States ; v. 4.

Foreign policy of the United States ; v. 4

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

United States--Foreign relations.

United States.

United States--Foreign relations--Law and legislation.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (271 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2010.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Opium poppy cultivation and drug trafficking have eroded Afghanistan's fragile political and economic order over the last 30 years. This book provides current statistical information, profiles the narcotics trade's participants, and explores linkages between narcotics, insecurity and corruption.

Contents:

Intro

FOREIGN POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES VOLUME 4

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 AFGHANISTAN: NARCOTICS AND U.S. POLICY

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

AFGHANISTAN'S OPIUM ECONOMY

Current Production Statistics

UNODC PROJECTIONS AND U.S. ASSESSMENTS, 20097

Obama Administration Strategic Review and Funding Requests

ISSUES FOR CONGRESS

Breaking the Narcotics-Insecurity Cycle

Balancing Counterterrorism, Counterinsurgency, and Counternarcotics

Defining the Role of the U.S. Military and ISAF

Targeting and Enforcement

Defense Authorization and the Provision of Equipment and Weaponry

Alternative Livelihoods and Development

Eradication

Central Government and Governor-Led Eradication

Manual or Aerial Herbicide-based Eradication

Counternarcotics Assistance Certification and Reporting Requirements

Certification Requirements

Reporting Requirements

BACKGROUND

Opium and Afghanistan's War Economy

Taliban Era

Post-Taliban Resurgence

ACTORS IN AFGHANISTAN'S OPIUM ECONOMY

Farmers

LAND OWNERS AND LABORERS

CORRUPT OFFICIALS AND MILITIA

Traffickers and Criminal Syndicates

Taliban and Insurgent Groups

OPIUM PROFITS AND AFGHANISTAN'S ECONOMIC RECOVERY

TRAFFICKING AND CONSUMPTION MARKETS

Trafficking to the United States

Russia

Western Europe

REGIONAL SECURITY IMPLICATIONS

Central and South Asia85

Tajikistan

Pakistan

Iran

AFGHAN AND U.S. COUNTERNARCOTICS POLICIES

Afghan Counternarcotics Policies, Programs, and Forces

Bans, Prohibitions, and Policy Statements

Institutions and Forces

U.S. Policy Initiatives: The "Five-Pillar" Plan

Public Information

Judicial Reform

Alternative Livelihood Development

Interdiction

CITED FIELD SURVEYS AND RESEARCH STUDIES

End Notes.

Chapter 2 AFGHANISTAN: POST-TALIBAN GOVERNANCE, SECURITY, AND U.S. POLICY

From Early History to the 19th Century

Early 20th Century and Cold War Era

Geneva Accords (1988) and Soviet Withdrawal

The Mujahedin Government and Rise of the Taliban

Taliban Rule (September 1996- November 2001)

The "Northern Alliance" Congeals

Policy Pre-September 11, 2001

September 11 Attacks and Operation Enduring Freedom

POST-TALIBAN NATION BUILDING8

Political Transition

Bonn Agreement

Permanent Constitution

First Post-Taliban Elections

2009 and 2010 Elections and Candidates

Outlines of the Contest

Governance Issues

Expanding and Reforming Central Government/Corruption

Marginalization of Regional Strongmen

Militia Disarmament: DDR and DIAG Programs

Anti-Corruption Efforts

Enhancing Local Governance

U.S. Embassy/Budgetary Support to Afghan Government

Human Rights and Democracy

Religious Freedom

Human Trafficking

Advancement of Women

Overall Democracy and Governance Funding Issues

Combating Narcotics Trafficking 17

POST-WAR SECURITY OPERATIONS AND FORCE CAPACITY BUILDING

Taliban, Al Qaeda, and Related Insurgent Groups

Al Qaeda/Bin Laden Whereabouts

Hikmatyar Faction

Haqqani Faction

The War to Date: Post-2006 Taliban "Resurgence" and Causes

Growing U.S. Force Levels in 2007 and 2008

2008 Perception of Deterioration

Bush and Obama Administration Strategy Reviews

Obama Administration "Strategic Review"

U.S. Troop Buildup in 2009 and Related Command Change

Appointment of Lt. Gen. McChrystal

Other Initiatives under Way before the Strategy Announcement

Negotiations with the Taliban

Local Supplemental Security: Afghan Public Protection Force

Adopting the Dutch Approach in Uruzgan.

Limiting Civilian Casualties/U.S. Military Presence/SOFA

The NATO-Led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)29

Background of ISAF

NATO Force Pledges in 2008 and 2009

2009 Contributions

National "Caveats" on Combat Operations

Provincial Reconstruction Teams

Afghan National Security Forces

Afghan National Army

Ethnic and Factional Considerations

Afghan Air Force

Afghan National Police (ANP)

Criminal Justice Sector

U.S. Security Forces Funding/"CERP"

REGIONAL CONTEXT

Pakistan/Pakistan-Afghanistan Border33

Increased Direct U.S. Action37

India

Russia, Central Asian States, and China

Central Asian States

China44

Persian Gulf States: Saudi Arabia and UAE

U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL AID TO AFGHANISTAN AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

U.S. Assistance to Afghanistan

Aid Oversight

Aid Authorization: Afghanistan Freedom Support Act

Afghan Freedom Support Act Re-Authorization

International Reconstruction Pledges/National Development Strategy

Key Sectors

National Solidarity Program

Trade Initiatives/Reconstruction Opportunity Zones

Major Private Sector Initiatives

RESIDUAL ISSUES FROM PAST CONFLICTS

Stinger Retrieval

Mine Eradication

APPENDIX. U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS LIFTED

U.N. SANCTIONS ON THE TALIBAN IMPOSED BY RESOLUTION 1267 (OCTOBER 15, 1999), RESOLUTION 1333 (DECEMBER 19, 2000), AND RESOLUTION 1363 (JULY 30, 2001) HAVE NOW BEEN NARROWED TO PENALIZE ONLY AL QAEDA (BY RESOLUTION 1390, JANUARY 17, 2002). RESOLUTION 1267 BANNED FLIGHTS OUTSIDE AFGHANISTAN BY ARIANA, AND DIRECTED U.N. MEMBER STATES TO FREEZE TALIBAN ASSETS. RESOLUTION 1333 PROHIBITED THE PROVISION OF ARMS OR MILITARY ADVICE TO THE TALIBAN (DIRECTED AGAINST PAKISTAN)

ORDERED A REDUCTION OF TALIBA

Chapter 3 AGRICULTURE IN PENDING U.S. FREE TRADE AGREEMENT WITH COLOMBIA, PANAMA, AND SOUTH KOREA

KEY AGRICULTURAL ISSUES IN FTAS

PANAMA

Overview of Agricultural Trade

Agricultural Provisions

Potential Impact on U.S. Agricultural Exports

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement

Outlook for Congressional Consideration

COLOMBIA

Potential Impact on U.S. Agricultural Trade

SPS Side Letter

SOUTH KOREA

Korea's Rules for U.S. Beef Imports

End Notes

Chapter 4 ARMENIA, AZERBAIJAN, AND GEORGIA: POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. INTERESTS

MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

OVERVIEW OF U.S. POLICY CONCERNS

Post-September 11

Operations in Iraq

After the August 2008 Russia-Georgia Conflict

THE SOUTH CAUCASUS'S EXTERNAL SECURITY CONTEXT

Russian Involvement in the Region

Military-Strategic Interests

Russian "Peacekeepers" and Bases in Georgia

Caspian Energy Resources

The Roles of Turkey, Iran, and Others

OBSTACLES TO PEACE AND INDEPENDENCE

Regional Tensions and Conflicts

Nagorno Karabakh Conflict

Civil and Ethnic Conflict in Georgia

Abkhazia

South Ossetia

The August 2008 Russia-Georgia Conflict

Economic Conditions, Blockades, and Stoppages

Democratization Problems and Progress

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

U.S. AID OVERVIEW

U.S. Assistance After the Russia-Georgia Conflict

U.S. SECURITY ASSISTANCE

U.S. TRADE AND INVESTMENT

Energy Resources and U.S. Policy

Building the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines.

Concerns of the European Union

Regional Energy Cooperation with Iran

Chapter 5 BAHRAIN: REFORM, SECURITY, AND U.S. POLICY

THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE, REFORM, AND HUMAN RIGHTS

General Human Rights Issues

DEFENSE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS2

U.S. Arms Transfers

Economic Relations

OTHER REGIONAL RELATIONS AND ANTI-TERRORISM COOPERATION

Arab-Israeli Issues

Other Anti-Terrorism Cooperation

Chapter 6 BOSNIA: CURRENT ISSUES AND U.S. POLICY

CURRENT SITUATION

Political Situation

Economic Situation

INTERNATIONAL ROLE IN BOSNIA

U.S. Policy

Policy Concerns and Issues for Congress

Chapter 7 BRAZIL - U.S. RELATIONS

POLITICAL SITUATION

The First Lula Administration

October 2006 Elections

The Second Lula Administration

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS

Economic Challenges and Efforts to Boost Growth

Social Indicators

FOREIGN AND TRADE POLICY

RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES

SELECTED ISSUES IN U.S.-BRAZIL RELATIONS

Counternarcotics

Counterterrorism and the Tri-Border Area44

Energy Security

Oil

Ethanol and Other Biofuels53

Nuclear Energy

Trade Issues

Doha Round of the World Trade Organization Talks 61

World Trade Organization Disputes

Generalized System of Preferences 66

Intellectual Property Rights

Human Rights

Violent Crime and Human Rights Abuses by Police

Race and Discrimination78

Trafficking in Persons for Forced Labor83

Goldman Custody Case86

HIV/AIDS

Amazon Conservation

Domestic Efforts

Carbon Offsets and Other International Initiatives

CHAPTER SOURCES

INDEX

Blank Page.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

1-61324-620-X

OCLC:

923660766